Impact of histologic subtype and sarcomatoid transformation on metastasis in renal cell carcinoma: a single institute experience in 149 patients

Abstract

Purpose: To compare the metastatic pattern and outcome of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and papillary RCC (pRCC), and to assess the impact of sarcomatoid transformation on the disease spread and prognosis.

Materials and methods: This IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study included 149 consecutive patients (108 men; mean age 58 years; range 25-86) with metastatic RCC (ccRCC = 116, pRCC = 33), identified from imaging database. All available imaging studies and electronic records of these patients were reviewed to document pathological features, distribution and timing of metastasis, and survival. The metastatic pattern and survival was first compared between the ccRCC and pRCC groups, and then between those with and without sarcomatoid transformation; all 27 cases of sarcomatoid transformation occurred in the ccRCC group.

Results: Metastases were noted at presentation in 62 (42%) and after median 13 months in the remaining 87 (58%) patients. Lymph nodes (134/149), lung (125/149), and bone (60/149) were the most common metastatic sites, which did not differ between the RCC subtypes. Pancreatic (p = 0.0014) and renal (p = 0.046) metastases were more common in ccRCC, lymphangitic spread (p = 0.0003) and peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.039) more common in pRCC. In ccRCC, sarcomatoid transformation was associated with high-grade tumors (p < 0.0001), more frequently demonstrated lymphangitic (p = 0.016), pleural (p = 0.0018), and peritoneal metastases (p = 0.0002), and had shorter metastasis-free survival and overall survival (log-rank test, p < 0.0001). In the absence of sarcomatoid transformation, ccRCC had longer metastasis-free interval (median 22 months compared to 6 months) (p = 0.0238) and overall survival (median survival 48 months vs. 25 months) (p = 0.0193) compared to pRCC.

Conclusion: Histologic subtype, as well as the presence of sarcomatoid transformation, affects the metastatic pattern and metastasis-free survival of RCC. In the absence of sarcomatoid transformation, ccRCC has a better outcome than pRCC.

Keywords: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma; Metastasis; Papillary renal cell carcinoma; Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma; Survival.