Preparation, characterization, and potential application of chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan metal nanoparticles in pharmaceutical drug delivery

Abstract

Naturally occurring polymers, particularly of the polysaccharide type, have been used pharmaceutically for the delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Chitosan, the second abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide next to cellulose, is a biocompatible and biodegradable mucoadhesive polymer that has been extensively used in the preparation of micro-as well as nanoparticles. The prepared particles have been exploited as a potential carrier for different therapeutic agents such as peptides, proteins, vaccines, DNA, and drugs for parenteral and nonparenteral administration. Therapeutic agent-loaded chitosan micro- or nanoparticles were found to be more stable, permeable, and bioactive. In this review, we are highlighting the different methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan micro- and nanoparticles, while reviewing the pharmaceutical applications of these particles in drug delivery. Moreover, the roles of chitosan derivatives and chitosan metal nanoparticles in drug delivery have been illustrated.

Keywords: characterization; microparticles; nanoparticles; pharmaceutical application; preparation.

Figure 1

Chemical structure of chitosan showing the repeating subunits.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of production of chitosan micro/nanoparticles by chemical cross-linking.

Figure 3

Scanning electron micrograph of chitosan nanoparticles produced using nanoemulsion internal cross-linking technique.

Figure 4

Schematic representation of the spray-drying technique used for the manufacturing of chitosan particulate systems.

Figure 5

Schematic representation of reverse micellar technique.

Figure 6

Structure of the skin and subcutaneous layers and common routes of parenteral drug administration.