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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Feb 12;2(2):CD008774.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008774.pub2.

Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema

Herman Tam  1 , Moises A Calderon, Logan Manikam, Helen Nankervis, Ignacio García Núñez, Hywel C Williams, Stephen Durham, Robert J Boyle
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema

Herman Tam et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is a treatment that may improve disease severity in people with atopic eczema (AE) by inducing immune tolerance to the relevant allergen. A high quality systematic review has not previously assessed the efficacy and safety of this treatment.

Objectives: To assess the effects of specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT), including subcutaneous, sublingual, intradermal, and oral routes, compared with placebo or a standard treatment in people with atopic eczema.

Search methods: We searched the following databases up to July 2015: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library (Issue 7, 2015), MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974), LILACS (from 1982), Web of Science™ (from 2005), the Global Resource of EczemA Trials (GREAT database), and five trials databases. We searched abstracts from recent European and North American allergy meetings and checked the references of included studies and review articles for further references to relevant trials.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of specific allergen immunotherapy that used standardised allergen extracts in people with AE.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently undertook study selection, data extraction (including adverse effects), assessment of risk of bias, and analyses. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We identified 12 RCTs for inclusion in this review; the total number of participants was 733. The interventions included SIT in children and adults allergic to either house dust mite (10 trials), grass pollen, or other inhalant allergens (two trials). They were administered subcutaneously (six trials), sublingually (four trials), orally, or intradermally (two trials). Overall, the risk of bias was moderate, with high loss to follow up and lack of blinding as the main methodological concern.Our primary outcomes were 'Participant- or parent-reported global assessment of disease severity at the end of treatment'; 'Participant- or parent-reported specific symptoms of eczema, by subjective measures'; and 'Adverse events, such as acute episodes of asthma or anaphylaxis'. SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) is a means of measuring the effect of atopic dermatitis by area (A); intensity (B); and subjective measures (C), such as itch and sleeplessness, which we used.For 'Participant- or parent-reported global assessment of disease severity at the end of treatment', one trial (20 participants) found improvement in 7/9 participants (78%) treated with the SIT compared with 3/11 (27%) treated with the placebo (risk ratio (RR) 2.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 7.96; P = 0.04). Another study (24 participants) found no difference: global disease severity improved in 8/13 participants (62%) treated with the SIT compared with 9/11 (81%) treated with the placebo (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.26; P = 0.38). We did not perform meta-analysis because of high heterogeneity between these two studies. The quality of the evidence was low.For 'Participant- or parent-reported specific symptoms of eczema, by subjective measures', two trials (184 participants) did not find that the SIT improved SCORAD part C (mean difference (MD) -0.74, 95% CI -1.98 to 0.50) or sleep disturbance (MD -0.49, 95% CI -1.03 to 0.06) more than placebo. For SCORAD part C itch severity, these two trials (184 participants) did not find that the SIT improved itch (MD -0.24, 95% CI -1.00 to 0.52). One other non-blinded study (60 participants) found that the SIT reduced itch compared with no treatment (MD -4.20, 95% CI -3.69 to -4.71) and reduced the participants' overall symptoms (P < 0.01), but we could not pool these three studies due to high heterogeneity. The quality of the evidence was very low.Seven trials reported systemic adverse reactions: 18/282 participants (6.4%) treated with the SIT had a systemic reaction compared with 15/210 (7.1%) with no treatment (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.49; the quality of the evidence was moderate). The same seven trials reported local adverse reactions: 90/280 participants (32.1%) treated with the SIT had a local reaction compared with 44/204 (21.6%) in the no treatment group (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.81). As these had the same study limitations, we deemed the quality of the evidence to also be moderate.Of our secondary outcomes, there was a significant improvement in 'Investigator- or physician-rated global assessment of disease severity at the end of treatment' (six trials, 262 participants; RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.88). None of the studies reported our secondary outcome 'Parent- or participant-rated eczema severity assessed using a published scale', but two studies (n = 184), which have been mentioned above, used SCORAD part C, which we included as our primary outcome 'Participant- or parent-reported specific symptoms of eczema, by subjective measures'.Our findings were generally inconclusive because of the small number of studies. We were unable to determine by subgroup analyses a particular type of allergen or a particular age or level of disease severity where allergen immunotherapy was more successful. We were also unable to determine whether sublingual immunotherapy was associated with more local adverse reactions compared with subcutaneous immunotherapy.

Authors' conclusions: Overall, the quality of the evidence was low. The low quality was mainly due to the differing results between studies, lack of blinding in some studies, and relatively few studies reporting participant-centred outcome measures. We found limited evidence that SIT may be an effective treatment for people with AE. The treatments used in these trials were not associated with an increased risk of local or systemic reactions. Future studies should use high quality allergen formulations with a proven track record in other allergic conditions and should include participant-reported outcome measures.

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Conflict of interest statement

Herman Tam: nothing to declare. Moises A Calderon: nothing to declare. Logan Manikam: nothing to declare. Helen Nankervis: nothing to declare. Ignacio García Núñez: nothing to declare. Hywel C Williams: nothing to declare. Stephen Durham: "I have received research funding for immunotherapy trials in hay fever (but not eczema) via Imperial College from ALK‐Abelló, Denmark; Merck, USA; and BioTech Tools, Belgium; all are manufacturers of allergy vaccines (research in relation to vaccines for hay fever, not for eczema). I have acted as a paid advisor for Merck, USA, a manufacturer of allergy vaccines (in relation to allergy vaccines for hay fever, not for eczema). I have received consultancy fees via Imperial College from Circassia, UK; Stallergenes, France; and Biomay, Austria (in relation to vaccines for hay fever, not for eczema)." Robert J Boyle: nothing to declare.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item for each included study
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 1 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 2 Adverse events.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 3 Investigator‐ or physician‐rated global disease severity.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 4 Participant‐ or parent‐rated eczema severity using a non‐published scale.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 5 Investigator‐rated eczema severity assessed using a published scale.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 6 Use of other medications for eczema.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 1 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ SCORAD part C by route of immunotherapy.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 2 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ severity of sleep disturbance by route of immunotherapy.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 3 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ SCORAD part C by allergen type.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 4 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ severity of sleep disturbance by allergen type.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 5 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ SCORAD part C by participant age.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 6 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ itch severity by participant age.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 7 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ severity of sleep disturbance by participant age.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 8 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ itch severity by severity at randomisation.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 9 Participant‐ or parent‐reported specific symptoms of eczema ‐ severity of sleep disturbance by severity at randomisation.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 10 Adverse events: any local reaction by route of immunotherapy.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 11 Adverse events: any systemic reaction by route of immunotherapy.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 12 Adverse events: any local reaction by allergen type.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 13 Adverse events: any systemic reaction by allergen type.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 14 Adverse events: any local reaction by participant age.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Planned subgroup analyses: immunotherapy versus control, Outcome 15 Adverse events: any systemic reaction by participant age.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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Zolkipli 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zolkipli Z, Roberts G, Cornelius V, Clayton CB, Pearson S, Michaelis LJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of primary prevention of atopy using house dust mite allergen oral immunotherapy in early childhood. 33rd Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Copenhagen Denmark 7–11 June 2014. Allergy 2014;69(Suppl s99):105. [EMBASE: 71612566] - PubMed
Zolkipli 2014b {published data only}
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    1. Zolkipli Z, Roberts G, Cornelius V, Clayton B, Pearson S, Michaelis L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of primary prevention of atopy using house dust mite allergen oral immunotherapy in early childhood. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2015 Jun 12 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.045; PUBMED: 26073754] - DOI - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

NCT00310492 {published data only}
    1. NCT00310492. Multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel group study to demonstrate the efficacy of a 12‐month subcutaneous specific immunotherapy with ALK‐depot SQ milbenmischung in patients with atopic dermatitis and proven IgE‐mediated sensitization to house dust mites. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00310492 (accessed 18 Nov 2014).

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