Bee Venom Phospholipase A2: Yesterday's Enemy Becomes Today's Friend

Abstract

Bee venom therapy has been used to treat immune-related diseases such as arthritis for a long time. Recently, it has revealed that group III secretory phospholipase A2 from bee venom (bee venom group III sPLA2) has in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects. A growing number of reports have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of bee venom group III sPLA2. Notably, new experimental data have shown protective immune responses of bee venom group III sPLA2 against a wide range of diseases including asthma, Parkinson's disease, and drug-induced organ inflammation. It is critical to evaluate the beneficial and adverse effects of bee venom group III sPLA2 because this enzyme is known to be the major allergen of bee venom that can cause anaphylactic shock. For many decades, efforts have been made to avoid its adverse effects. At high concentrations, exposure to bee venom group III sPLA2 can result in damage to cellular membranes and necrotic cell death. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the therapeutic effects of bee venom group III sPLA2 on several immunological diseases and described the detailed mechanisms of bee venom group III sPLA2 in regulating various immune responses and physiopathological changes.

Keywords: bee venom; immunity; phospholipase A2.

Figure 1

A model for the mechanism of action of bee venom group III sPLA₂ in Foxp3⁺ Treg differentiation. Bee venom group III sPLA₂ binds to CD206 of dendritic cells. CD206 signaling upregulates COX-2 expression, results in increased PGE2 secretion of dendritic cells. PGE2-EP2 signaling promotes immune regulation through Treg differentiation. bvPLA₂: bee venom group III sPLA₂.