Microcystin-LR Induced Immunotoxicity in Mammals

Abstract

Microcystins are toxic molecules produced by cyanobacterial blooms due to water eutrophication. Exposure to microcystins is a global health problem because of its association with various other pathological effects and people all over the world are exposed to microcystins on a regular basis. Evidence shows that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) may adversely affect the immune system, but its specific effects on immune functions are lacking. In the present review, immunotoxicological effects associated with MC-LR in animals, humans, and in vitro models have been reported. Overall, the data shows that chronic exposure to MC-LR has the potential to impair vital immune responses which could lead to increased risk of various diseases including cancers. Studies in animal and in vitro models have provided some pivotal understanding into the potential mechanisms of MC-LR related immunotoxicity suggesting that further investigation, particularly in humans, is required to better understand the relationship between development of disease and the MC-LR exposure.

Figure 1

Structure of microcystin-LR (a) and Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in Sagar lake water (b) and MC-LR treatment of mice for 14 days shows splenomegaly (c) and causes a significant increase in the weight of spleen (d) and NO level in spleen (e). Values represent mean ± SD, where n = 3. ^∗∗ p < 0.01 (control versus MC-LR treated mice).