Vitamin D3 Reduces Tissue Damage and Oxidative Stress Caused by Exhaustive Exercise

Abstract

Exhaustive exercise results in inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage tissue. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D has both anti-inflammatory and antiperoxidative activity. Therefore, we aimed to test if vitamin D could reduce the damage caused by exhaustive exercise. Rats were randomized to one of four groups: control, vitamin D, exercise, and vitamin D+exercise. Exercised rats received an intravenous injection of vitamin D (1 ng/mL) or normal saline after exhaustive exercise. Blood pressure, heart rate, and blood samples were collected for biochemical testing. Histological examination and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were performed on lungs and kidneys after the animals were sacrificed. In comparison to the exercise group, blood markers of skeletal muscle damage, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the vitamin D+exercise group. The exercise group also had more severe tissue injury scores in the lungs (average of 2.4 ± 0.71) and kidneys (average of 3.3 ± 0.6) than the vitamin D-treated exercise group did (1.08 ± 0.57 and 1.16 ± 0.55). IHC staining showed that vitamin D reduced the oxidative product 4-Hydroxynonenal in exercised animals from 20.6% to 13.8% in the lungs and from 29.4% to 16.7% in the kidneys. In summary, postexercise intravenous injection of vitamin D can reduce the peroxidation induced by exhaustive exercise and ameliorate tissue damage, particularly in the kidneys and lungs.

Keywords: 4-Hydroxynonenal; Calcitriol; lipid peroxidation..

Figure 1

Biochemical markers for tissue damage. A: CK; B: LDH. *E group differed significantly from the E+D group (P < 0.05). ^#E+D group differed significantly from the NS and vit D groups (P < 0.05).

Figure 2

Tissue damage caused by exercise and the rescue effect of vitamin D. A, K, F: heart; B, G, L: liver; C, H, M: lungs; D, I, N: kidneys; E, J, O: intestines. *E+D group differed significantly from the E group (P < 0.05).

Figure 3

Distribution of oxidative stress marker 4-HNE in each organ. A, K, F: heart; B, G, L: liver; C, H, M: lungs; D, I, N: kidneys; E, J, O: intestines. *E+D group differed significantly from the E group (P < 0.05).