Determination of lead in blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry--a critique

Abstract

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is increasingly becoming the method of choice for the determination of Pb in blood. The major GFAAS methods that have been published to date include: (i) direct introduction of the sample into the furnace; (ii) dilution with water, Triton X-100 or acid; (iii) deproteinization with nitric acid; (iv) matrix modification; and (v) solvent extraction. This review focuses on the difficulties associated with each of these methods, and highlights recent attempts to overcome matrix interferences and improve the accuracy and precision of Pb determination in blood using modern furnace technology, especially the stabilized temperature platform furnace.