Metal mixtures in urban and rural populations in the US: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: yuanjie.p@gmail.com.
² Departments of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: rdpeng@jhu.edu.
³ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: mjone132@jhu.edu.
⁴ Institute of Chemistry -Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria. Electronic address: kevin.francesconi@uni-graz.at.
⁵ Institute of Chemistry -Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria. Electronic address: walter.goessler@uni-graz.at.
⁶ MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA; Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Electronic address: Barbara.V.Howard@Medstar.net.
⁷ MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA; Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Electronic address: jason.umans@gmail.com.
⁸ Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc., Timber Lake, SD 57656, USA. Electronic address: lbest@restel.com.
⁹ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: eguallar@jhu.edu.
¹⁰ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: wpost@jhmi.edu.
¹¹ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: joelk@u.washington.edu.
¹² Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: dvaidya@jhmi.edu.
¹³ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: anavasa1@jhu.edu.

PMID: 26945432
PMCID: PMC4827253
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.032

Metal mixtures in urban and rural populations in the US: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study

Yuanjie Pang et al. Environ Res. 2016 May.

. 2016 May:147:356-64.

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.032. Epub 2016 Mar 2.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: yuanjie.p@gmail.com.
² Departments of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: rdpeng@jhu.edu.
³ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: mjone132@jhu.edu.
⁴ Institute of Chemistry -Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria. Electronic address: kevin.francesconi@uni-graz.at.
⁵ Institute of Chemistry -Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria. Electronic address: walter.goessler@uni-graz.at.
⁶ MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA; Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Electronic address: Barbara.V.Howard@Medstar.net.
⁷ MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA; Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Electronic address: jason.umans@gmail.com.
⁸ Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc., Timber Lake, SD 57656, USA. Electronic address: lbest@restel.com.
⁹ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: eguallar@jhu.edu.
¹⁰ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: wpost@jhmi.edu.
¹¹ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: joelk@u.washington.edu.
¹² Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: dvaidya@jhmi.edu.
¹³ Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: anavasa1@jhu.edu.

PMID: 26945432
PMCID: PMC4827253
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.032

Abstract

Background: Natural and anthropogenic sources of metal exposure differ for urban and rural residents. We searched to identify patterns of metal mixtures which could suggest common environmental sources and/or metabolic pathways of different urinary metals, and compared metal-mixtures in two population-based studies from urban/sub-urban and rural/town areas in the US: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Strong Heart Study (SHS).

Methods: We studied a random sample of 308 White, Black, Chinese-American, and Hispanic participants in MESA (2000-2002) and 277 American Indian participants in SHS (1998-2003). We used principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to evaluate nine urinary metals (antimony [Sb], arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], molybdenum [Mo], selenium [Se], tungsten [W], uranium [U] and zinc [Zn]). For arsenic, we used the sum of inorganic and methylated species (∑As).

Results: All nine urinary metals were higher in SHS compared to MESA participants. PCA and CA revealed the same patterns in SHS, suggesting 4 distinct principal components (PC) or clusters (∑As-U-W, Pb-Sb, Cd-Zn, Mo-Se). In MESA, CA showed 2 large clusters (∑As-Mo-Sb-U-W, Cd-Pb-Se-Zn), while PCA showed 4 PCs (Sb-U-W, Pb-Se-Zn, Cd-Mo, ∑As). LDA indicated that ∑As, U, W, and Zn were the most discriminant variables distinguishing MESA and SHS participants.

Conclusions: In SHS, the ∑As-U-W cluster and PC might reflect groundwater contamination in rural areas, and the Cd-Zn cluster and PC could reflect common sources from meat products or metabolic interactions. Among the metals assayed, ∑As, U, W and Zn differed the most between MESA and SHS, possibly reflecting disproportionate exposure from drinking water and perhaps food in rural Native communities compared to urban communities around the US.

Keywords: Biomarker; Exposure sources; Metals; Statistical methods; Urine.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
Box plots of urinary metals (μg/L) standardized by specific gravity in MESA and SHS. As refers to the sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species (after correction for arsenobetaine levels in MESA because of frequent seafood intake). Horizontal lines within boxes indicate medians; boxes, interquartile ranges; error bars, values within 1.5 times the interquartile range. We excluded outlying data points beyond 1.5 times the interquartile range. P-values are estimated based on one-way ANOVA, with MESA as the reference group.

**Fig. 2**
Dendrograms of metals in urine in MESA and SHS. All metals were standardized by specific gravity. As refers to the sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species (after correction for arsenobetaine levels in MESA because of frequent seafood intake).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Metal mixtures in urban and rural populations in the US: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study

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Metal mixtures in urban and rural populations in the US: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study

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