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. 2016 Mar;41(3):185-91.

The Checkpoint Immunotherapy Revolution: What Started as a Trickle Has Become a Flood, Despite Some Daunting Adverse Effects; New Drugs, Indications, and Combinations Continue to Emerge

Walter Alexander

The Checkpoint Immunotherapy Revolution: What Started as a Trickle Has Become a Flood, Despite Some Daunting Adverse Effects; New Drugs, Indications, and Combinations Continue to Emerge

Walter Alexander. P T. 2016 Mar.

Abstract

What started as a trickle of new agents that help the body's immune system fight cancer has now become a flood, despite some daunting adverse effects. This report discusses the new drugs, indications, and combinations that continue to emerge.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Talimogene Laherparepvec: An HSV-1-Derived Oncolytic Immunotherapy Designed to Produce Local and Systemic Effects The postulated dual mechanism of action of talimogene laherparepvec comprises two parts:

  1. A local oncolytic effect achieved by infection and selective replication of the virus in tumor tissue resulting in tumor cell lysis and local release of tumor antigens.

  2. Enhancement of a systemic antitumor immune response by expression of GM-CSF in the tumor microenvironment to recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells). Dendritic cells have the capacity to capture antigens and induce proliferative responses and cytokine production in CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes to perpetuate immune responses against cancer cells.

GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HSV-1 = herpes simplex virus-1
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