Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Mar 10;3(3):CD011745.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011745.pub2.

Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertensive individuals

Garry Taverny  1 , Yanis Mimouni, Anne LeDigarcher, Philippe Chevalier, Lutgarde Thijs, James M Wright, Francois Gueyffier
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertensive individuals

Garry Taverny et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: High blood pressure is an important public health problem because of associated risks of stroke and cardiovascular events. Antihypertensive drugs are often used in the belief that lowering blood pressure will prevent cardiac events, including myocardial infarction and sudden death (death of unknown cause within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms or within 24 hours of observation of the patient as alive and symptom free).

Objectives: To assess the effects of antihypertensive pharmacotherapy in preventing sudden death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal myocardial infarction among hypertensive individuals.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register (all years to January 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (2016, Issue 1), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to January 2016), Ovid EMBASE (1980 to January 2016) and ClinicalTrials.gov (all years to January 2016).

Selection criteria: All randomised trials evaluating any antihypertensive drug treatment for hypertension, defined, when possible, as baseline resting systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg and/or resting diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mmHg. Comparisons included one or more antihypertensive drugs versus placebo, or versus no treatment.

Data collection and analysis: Review authors independently extracted data. Outcomes assessed were sudden death, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and change in blood pressure.

Main results: We included 15 trials (39,908 participants) that evaluated antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for a mean duration of follow-up of 4.2 years. This review provides moderate-quality evidence to show that antihypertensive drugs do not reduce sudden death (risk ratio (RR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.15) but do reduce both non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74, 0.98; absolute risk reduction (ARR) 0.3% over 4.2 years) and fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.90; ARR 0.3% over 4.2 years). Withdrawals due to adverse effects were increased in the drug treatment group to 12.8%, as compared with 6.2% in the no treatment group.

Authors' conclusions: Although antihypertensive drugs reduce the incidence of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, they do not appear to reduce the incidence of sudden death. This suggests that sudden cardiac death may not be caused primarily by acute myocardial infarction. Continued research is needed to determine the causes of sudden cardiac death.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Garry Taverny: nothing to declare.

Yanis Mimouni: nothing to declare.

Anne LeDigarcher: nothing to declare.

Pr. Philippe Chevalier: nothing to declare.

Lutgarde Thijs: nothing to declare.

Pr. James M Wright: nothing to declare.

Pr. François Gueyffier: nothing to declare.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram.
2
2
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control, outcome: 1.1 Sudden cardiac death.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control, outcome: 1.1 Sudden cardiac death.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control, outcome: 1.2 Non‐fatal myocardial infarction.
7
7
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control, outcome: 1.3 Fatal myocardial infarction.
8
8
Forest plot of comparison: 3 Subgroup analysis, first‐line diuretic versus others, outcome: 3.1 Sudden cardiac death.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy versus control, Outcome 1 Sudden cardiac death.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy versus control, Outcome 2 Non‐fatal myocardial infarction.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy versus control, Outcome 3 Fatal myocardial infarction.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antihypertensive drug therapy versus control, Outcome 4 Withdrawals due to adverse effects.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis, first‐line diuretic versus others, Outcome 1 Sudden cardiac death.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011745

References

References to studies included in this review

Coope 1986 {published data only}
    1. Coope J. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. BMJ 1986;293:1145‐51. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
DIABHYCAR 2004 {published data only}
    1. Marre M, Lievre M, Chatellier G, Mann JF, Passa P, Ménard J. Effects of low dose ramipril on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and raised excretion of urinary albumin: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (the DIABHYCAR study). BMJ 2004;328(7438):495. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.37970.629537.0D] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
EWPHBPE 1985 {published data only}
    1. Amery A, Birkenhager W, Brixko P, Bulpitt C, Clement D, Deruyttere M, et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on high blood pressure in the elderly trial. Lancet 1985;1:1349‐54. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)91783-0; MEDLINE: ] - DOI - PubMed
HSCGS 1974 {published data only}
    1. Hypertension‐Stroke Cooperative Study Group. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on stroke recurrence. JAMA 1974;229:409‐18. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
MRC‐TMH 1985 {published data only}
    1. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ 1985;291(6488):97‐104. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
MRC‐TMH 1985 Betablocker arm {published data only}
    1. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ 1985;291(6488):97‐104. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
MRC‐TMH 1985 Diuretic arm {published data only}
    1. Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ 1985;291(6488):97‐104. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
OSLO 1986 {published data only}
    1. Leren P, Helgeland A. Oslo Hypertension Study. Drugs 1986;31(Suppl 1):41‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SHEP 1991 {published data only}
    1. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. JAMA 1991;265:3255‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SHEP‐Pilot 1989 {published data only}
    1. Perry HM Jr, Smith WM, McDonald RH, Black D, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) pilot study. Stroke 1989;20:4‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
STOP 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP‐Hypertension). Lancet 1991;338:1281‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SYST‐EUR 1997 {published data only}
    1. Staessen JA. Fagard R. Thijs L. Celis H. Arabidze GG, Birkenhager WH, et al. Randomised double‐blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 1997;350:757‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
UKPDS38 1998 {published data only}
    1. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
USPHSHCSG 1977 {published data only}
    1. US Public Health Service Hospital Cooperative Study Group (USPHSHCSG). Treatment of mild hypertension. Results of a ten‐year intervention trial. Circulation Research 1997;40(Suppl 1):98‐105. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
VA‐I 1967 {published data only}
    1. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 1967;202:1028‐34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
VA‐II 1970 {published data only}
    1. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. JAMA 1970;213:1143‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
VA‐NHLBI 1978 {published data only}
    1. No authors listed. Evaluation of drug treatment in mild hypertension: VA‐NHLBI feasibility trial. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1978;304:267‐88. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ADVANCE 2007 {published data only}
    1. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2007;370:829‐40. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61303-8] - DOI - PubMed
ALLHAT 2000 {published data only}
    1. ALLHAT Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000;283:1967‐75. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
ANBP 1981 {published data only}
    1. Australian National Blood Pressure Management Committee. The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension. Lancet 1981;1:1261‐7. - PubMed
Barraclough 1973 {published data only}
    1. No authors listed. Control of moderately raised blood pressure, Report of a co‐operative randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1973;3(5877):434‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Berglund 1981 {published data only}
    1. Berglund G, Andersson O. Beta‐blockers of diuretics in hypertension? A six year follow‐up of blood pressure and metabolic side effects. Lancet 1981;1:744‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Carter 1970 {published data only}
    1. Carter A. Hypotensive therapy in stroke survivors. Lancet 1970;1:485‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
CASTEL 1994 {published data only}
    1. Casigila E. Spolaore P. Mazza A. Ginocchio G, Colangeli G, Onesto C, et al. Effect of two different therapeutic approaches on total and cardiovascular mortality in a Cardiovascular Study in the Elderly (CASTEL). Japanese Heart Journal 1994;35:589‐600. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
GLANT 1995 {published data only}
    1. Study Group on Long‐term Antihypertensive Therapy. A 12‐month comparison of ACE inhibitor and CA antagonist therapy in mild to moderate essential hypertension ‐ the GLANT study. Hypertension Research 1995;18:235‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HANE 1997 {published data only}
    1. Philipp T, Anlauf M, Distler A, Holzgreve H, Michaelis J, Wellek S. Randomised, double blind, multicenter comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalapril in antihypertensive treatment: results of the HANE study. BMJ 1997;315:154‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
HAPPHY 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wilhelmsen L. Berglund B. Elmfeldt D. Fitzsimons T, Holzgreve H, Hosie J, et al. Beta‐blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men: main results from the HAPPHY trial. Journal of Hypertension 1987;5:561‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HDFP 1984 {published data only}
    1. HDFP. Effect of stepped care treatment on the incidence of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. 5‐year findings of the hypertension detection and follow‐up program. Hypertension 1984;6(Suppl 1):198‐206. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HOPE 2000 {published data only}
    1. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high‐risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Outcomes Study Investigators. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;342(3):145‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
HOT 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hansson L, Zanchetti A. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12‐month data on blood pressure and tolerability. With special reference to age and gender. Blood Pressure 1995;4:313‐9. - PubMed
HOT 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood‐pressure lowering and low‐dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 1998;351:1755‐62. [DOI: ] - PubMed
HYVET 2008 {published data only}
    1. Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, Tuomilehto J, Clarke R, Ritchie C, et al. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET‐COG): a double‐blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2008;7(8):683‐9. - PubMed
HYVET‐Pilot 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bulpitt CJ, Beckett NS, Cooke J, Dumiktrascu DL, Gil‐Extremera B, Nachev C, et al. Results of the pilot study for the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21:2409‐17. - PubMed
IDM 2001 {published data only}
    1. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner‐Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:870‐8. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa011489] - DOI - PubMed
INSIGHT 1996 {published data only}
    1. Brown MJ. Castaigne A. De Leeuw PW. Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Leeuw PW, et al. INSIGHT: international nifedipine GITS study: intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment. Journal of Human Hypertension 1996;10(Suppl 3):S157‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
IPPPSH 1985 {published data only}
    1. The IPPPSH Collaborative Group. Cardiovascular risk and risk factors in a randomized trial of treatment based on the beta‐blocker, oxprenolol: the international prospective primary prevention study in hypertension (IPPPSH). Journal of Hypertension 1985;3:379‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jikei 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mochizuki S, Dahlof B, Shimizu M, Ikewaki K, Yoshikawa M, Taniguchi I, et al. Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomised, open‐label, blinded endpoint morbidity‐mortality study. The Lancet 2007;369:1431‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60669-2] - DOI - PubMed
Kuramoto‐2 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kuramoto K. Treatment of the elderly hypertensives in Japan: National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives. The National Intervention Cooperative Study Group. Journal of Hypertension 1994;12(6):S35‐40S35‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lewis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin‐receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to Type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:851‐60. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa011303] - DOI - PubMed
MAPHY 1991 {published data only}
    1. Wikstrand J, Warnold I, Tuomilehto J, Olsson G, Barber HJ, Eliasson K, et al. Metoprolol versus thiazide diuretics in hypertension. Morbidity results from the MAPHY Study. Hypertension 1991;17:579‐88. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Materson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC. Department of Veterans Affairs single‐drug therapy of hypertension study. Revised figures and new data. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8:189‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
MIDAS 1996 {published data only}
    1. Borhani NO, Mercuri M, Borhani PA, Buckalew VM, Canossa‐Terris M, Carr AA, et al. Final outcome results of the multicenter isradipine diuretic atherosclerosis study (MIDAS). A randomised controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996;276:785‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Morgan 1980 {published data only}
    1. Morgan TO, Adams WR, Hodgson M, Gibberd RW. Failure of therapy to improve prognosis in elderly males with hypertension. Medical Journal of Australia 1980;2(1):27‐31. - PubMed
MRC‐O 1992 {published data only}
    1. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ 1992;304:405‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
NORDIL 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund‐Johnson P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta‐blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Dilitazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000;356:359‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PATS 1995 {published data only}
    1. PATS Collaborating Group. Post‐stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chinese Medical Journal 1995;108(9):710‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
PROGRESS 2001 {published data only}
    1. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril‐based blood‐pressure‐lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
QUIET 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pitt B, O'Neill B, Feldman R, Ferrari R, Schwartz L, Judra H, et al. The QUinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evaluation of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;87:1058‐63. - PubMed
SCAT 2000 {published data only}
    1. Teo KK, Burton JR, Buller CE, Plante S, Catellier D, Tymchak W, et al. Long‐term effects of cholesterol lowering and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 2000;102:1748‐54. [DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.15.1748] - DOI - PubMed
SCOPE 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double‐blind intervention trial. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21:875‐86. - PubMed
SHELL 1994 {published data only}
    1. Malacco E, Gnemmi AE, Romagnoli A, Coppini A. Systolic hypertension in the elderly: long‐term lacidipine treatment. Objective, protocol, and organization. SHELL Study Group. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1994;23(5):S6206. - PubMed
SHELL 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zanchetti A. Evaluating the benefits of an antihypertensive agent using trials based on event and organ damage: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Long‐term Lacidipine (SHELL) trial and European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). Journal of Hypertension Supplement 1995;13(4):S35‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sprackling 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sprackling ME, Mitchell JRA, Short AH, Watt G. Blood pressure reduction in the elderly: a randomised controlled trial of methyldopa. BMJ 1981;283:1151‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
STONE 1996 {published data only}
    1. Gong L, Zwang W, Zhu Y, Zhu J, Kong D, Page V, et al. Shanghai trial of nifedipine in the elderly (STONE) study. Journal of Hypertension 1996;14:1237‐46. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
STOP‐2 1993 {published data only}
    1. Dahlof B, Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Schersten B, Wester PO, Ekbom T, et al. STOP ‐ Hypertension 2: a prospective intervention trial of "newer" vs "older" treatment alternatives in old patients with hypertension. Blood Pressure 1993;2:136‐41. [DOI: 10.3109/08037059309077541; MEDLINE: ] - DOI - PubMed
Strandberg 1991 {published data only}
    1. Strandberg E, Salomaa VV, Naukkarinen VA, Vanhanen HT, Sama SJ, Miettinen TA. Long‐term mortality after 5‐year multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle‐aged men. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991;266:1255‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SYS‐CHINA 1992 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. [Systolic hypertension in the elderly: Chinese trial (Syst‐China). Interim report]. [Chinese] Chung‐Hua Hsin Hsueh Kuan Ping Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Cardiology] 1992;20(5):270‐5. [Accession number: 1993117461] - PubMed
TEST 1995 {published data only}
    1. Eriksson S, Olofsson BO, Wesley PO, for the TEST Study Group. Atenolol for secondary prevention after stroke. Cerebrovascular Disease 1995;5:21‐5. [DOI: 10.1159/000107813] - DOI
TOMHS 1995 {published data only}
    1. Elmer PJ, Grimm R, Laing B, Grandits G, Svedsen K, Heel N, et al. Lifestyle intervention: results of the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Preventive Medicine 1995;24:378‐88. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
VA Coop 1960 {published data only}
    1. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. A double‐blind control study of antihypertensive agents. I. Comparative effect of reserpine, reserpine and hydralazine, and three ganglionic blocking agents, clorisondamine, mecamylamine, and pentolinium tartrate. Archives of Internal Medicine 1960;106:133‐48. - PubMed
VACS 1982 {published data only}
    1. Veterans Administrative Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Comparison of propanolol and hydrochlorothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension. II Results of long term therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 1982;248:2004‐11. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.1982.03330160052024; MEDLINE: ] - DOI - PubMed
VHAS 1997 {published data only}
    1. Agabiti RE, Dal Palu D, Leonetti G, Magnani G, Pessina A, Zanchetti A. Clinical results of the Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study. Journal of Hypertension 1997;15:1337‐44. - PubMed
White WB 1995 {published data only}
    1. White WB, Stimpel M. Long‐term safety and efficacy of moexipril alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in elderly patients with hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension 1995;9(11):879‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

Additional references

Byrne 2008
    1. Byrne R, Constant O, Smyth Y, Callagy G, Nash P, Daly K, et al. Multiple source surveillance incidence and aetiology of out‐of‐hospital sudden cardiac death in a rural population in the West of Ireland. European Heart Journal 2008;29(11):1418‐23. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn155; PUBMED: 18424446] - DOI - PubMed
Chen 2010
    1. Chen N, Zhou M, Yang M, Guo J, Zhu C, Yang J, et al. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003654.pub4] - DOI - PubMed
Chugh 2004
    1. Chugh S, Jui J, Gunson K, Stecker EC, John BT, Thompson B, et al. Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate‐based review in a large U.S. community. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004;44(6):8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.029] - DOI - PubMed
Diao 2012
    1. Diao D, Wright JM, Cundiff DK, Gueyffier F. Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006742.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Glynn 2010
    1. Glynn LG, Murphy AW, Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Interventions used to improve control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005182.pub4] - DOI - PubMed
Grade working group 2004
    1. GRADE Working Group. Education and debate: grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328:1490‐9. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gueyffier 1999
    1. Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP, Schron E, Ekbom T, Fagard R, et al. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group. The Lancet 1999;353:793‐6. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08127-6] - DOI - PubMed
Haider A
    1. Haider A, Larson, Benjamin E, Levy D. Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1998;32(5):1454‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00407-0] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman PG, Sterna JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 5.1.0. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, March 2011:187‐241. [www.cochrane‐handbook.org]
Hjalmarson 1997
    1. Hjalmarson A. Effects of beta blockade on sudden cardiac death during acute myocardial infarction and the postinfarction period. The American Journal of Cardiology 1997;80(9):35–9J. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Hoes 1994
    1. Hoes AW, Grobbee DE, Peet TM, Lubsen J. Do non‐potassium‐sparing diuretics increase the risk of sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients? Recent evidence. Drugs 1994;47(5):711‐33. - PubMed
Hoes 1995
    1. Hoes A, Grobbee D, Lubsen J, Man in 't Veld A, Does E, Hofman A. Diuretics, β‐blockers, and the risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995;123(7):481‐7. [DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-123-7-199510010-00001] - DOI - PubMed
Kaplan 1997
    1. Kaplan N. Beta blockade in the primary prevention of hypertensive cardiovascular events with focus on sudden cardiac death. The American Journal of Cardiology 1997;80(9):20–2J. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Liberati 2009
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Loannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151(4):W‐65‐94. [DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136] - DOI - PubMed
Loire 1996
    1. Loire R, Tabib A. Unexpected sudden cardiac death. An evaluation of 1000 autopsies. Europe PubMed Central 1996;89(1):13‐8. [PUBMED: 8678733] - PubMed
Messerli 1999
    1. Messerli F. Hypertension and sudden cardiac death. American Journal of Hypertension 1999;12(S9):181‐8S. [DOI: 10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00106-5] - DOI - PubMed
Musini 2009
    1. Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Sundström 2015
    1. Sundström J, Arima H, Jackson R, Turnbull F, Rahimi K, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2015;162(3):184‐91. [DOI: 10.7326/M14-0773] - DOI - PubMed
Vaillancourt 2004
    1. Vaillancourt C, Stiell IG. Cardiac arrest care and emergency medical services in Canada. European PubMed Central 2004;20(11):1081‐90. [PUBMED: 15457303] - PubMed
Vreede‐Swagemakers 1997
    1. Vreede‐Swagemakers J, Gorgels A, Dubois‐Arbouw W, Ree J, Daemen M, Houben L, et al. Out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in the 1990s: a population‐based study in the Maastricht area on incidence, characteristics and survival. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1997;30(6):1500‐5. [DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00355-0] - DOI - PubMed
Wiysonge 2012
    1. Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, Mayosi BM, Mbewu A, Opie LH. Beta‐blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002003.pub4] - DOI - PubMed
Wright 2009
    1. Wright JM, Musini VM. First‐line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Xue 2015
    1. Xue H, Lu Z, Tang WL, Pang LW, Wang GM, Wong GWK, et al. First‐line drugs inhibiting the renin angiotensin system versus other first‐line antihypertensive drug classes for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008170.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Zheng 2001
    1. Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation 2001;104:2158‐63. [DOI: 10.1161/hc4301.098254] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources