Enigmatic human tails: A review of their history, embryology, classification, and clinical manifestations

Abstract

The presence of a human tail is a rare and intriguing phenomenon. While cases have been reported in the literature, confusion remains with respect to the proper classification, definition, and treatment methods. We review the literature concerning this anatomical derailment. We also consider the importance of excluding underlying congenital anomalies in these patients to prevent neurological deficits and other abnormal manifestations.

Keywords: anatomy; caudal appendage; embryology; human tails; spinal dysraphism.