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Review
. 2016 Mar 22:7:44.
doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0300-9.

Aging, inflammation, stem cells, and bone healing

Emmanuel Gibon  1   2   3 , Laura Lu  1 , Stuart B Goodman  4
Affiliations
Review

Aging, inflammation, stem cells, and bone healing

Emmanuel Gibon et al. Stem Cell Res Ther. .

Abstract

Complex interactions among cells of the monocyte-macrophage-osteoclast lineage and the mesenchymal stem cell-osteoblast lineage play a major role in the pathophysiology of bone healing. Whereas the former lineage directs inflammatory events and bone resorption, the latter represents a source of cells for bone regeneration and immune modulation. Both of these lineages are affected by increasing age, which is associated with higher baseline levels of inflammatory mediators, and a significant reduction in osteogenic capabilities. Given the above, fracture healing, osteoporosis, and other related events in the elderly present numerous challenges, which potentially could be aided by new therapeutic approaches to modulate both inflammation and bone regeneration.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The effect of aging on mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages. ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, BM bone marrow, GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MΦ macrophage, MSC mesenchymal stem cell, SA-β-gal senescence-associated β-galactosidase, TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha
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