The value of thyroid shielding in intraoral radiography

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate the utility of the application of a thyroid shield in intraoral radiography when using rectangular collimation.

Methods: Experimental data were obtained by measuring the absorbed dose at the position of the thyroid gland in a RANDO(®) (The Phantom Laboratory, Salem, NY) male phantom with a dosemeter. Four protocols were tested: round collimation and rectangular collimation, both with and without thyroid shield. Five exposure positions were deployed: upper incisor (Isup), upper canine (Csup), upper premolar (Psup), upper molar (Msup) and posterior bitewing (BW). Exposures were made with 70 kV and 7 mA and were repeated 10 times. The exposure times were as recommended for the exposure positions for the respective collimator type by the manufacturer for digital imaging. The data were statistically analyzed with a three-way ANOVA test. Significance was set at p < 0.01.

Results: The ANOVA test revealed that the differences between mean doses of all protocols and geometries were statistically significant, p < 0.001. For the Isup, thyroid dose levels were comparable with both collimators at a level indicating primary beam exposure. Thyroid shield reduced this dose with circa 75%. For the Csup position, round collimation also revealed primary beam exposure, and thyroid shield yield was 70%. In Csup with rectangular collimation, the thyroid dose was reduced with a factor 4 compared with round collimation and thyroid shield yielded an additional 42% dose reduction. The thyroid dose levels for the Csup, Psup, Msup and BW exposures were lower with rectangular collimation without thyroid shield than with round collimation with thyroid shield. With rectangular collimation, the thyroid shield in Psup, Msup and BW reduced the dose 10% or less, where dose levels were already low, implying no clinical significance.

Conclusions: For the exposures in the upper anterior region, thyroid shield results in an important dose reduction for the thyroid. For the other exposures, thyroid shield augments little to the reduction achieved by rectangular collimation. The use of thyroid shield is to be advised, when performing upper anterior radiography.

Keywords: dental radiography; radiation dosimetry; radiation protection; thyroid gland.

Figure 1

Handheld thyroid shield during upper incisor periapical exposure.

Figure 2

(a) Position of the detector on the lower slabs of the phantom. The round active detecting area is inside the contour of the neck and anterior to the cervical vertebral body. (b) Phantom assembled on top of the detector. (c) Experimental setting during upper incisor exposure of the phantom without thyroid shield with detector in place and (d) with thyroid shield.

Figure 3

Diagram of the mean dose level measured at the thyroid for the different geometries with round collimation and rectangular (rect.) collimation, with and without thyroid shielding (TS). BW: bitewing; Csup: upper canine; Isup: upper incisor; Msup: upper molar; Psup: upper bicuspid.