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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Mar 25;3(3):CD005944.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005944.pub3.

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Julicristie M Oliveira #  1 , Roman Allert #, Christine E East
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women

Julicristie M Oliveira et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: In areas where vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a public health concern, the maternal dietary intake of vitamin A may be not sufficient to meet either the maternal nutritional requirements, or those of the breastfed infant, due the low retinol concentrations in breast milk.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant health.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (8 February 2016), LILACS (1982 to December 2015), Web of Science (1945 to December 2015), and the reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-randomised trials that assessed the effects of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant health (morbidity, mortality and vitamin A nutritional status).

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, conducted data extraction, assessed risk of bias and checked for accuracy. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: Fourteen trials of mainly low or unclear risk of bias, enrolling 25,758 women and infant pairs were included. The supplementation schemes included high, single or double doses of vitamin A (200,000 to 400,000 internation units (IU)), or 7.8 mg daily beta-carotene compared with placebo, no treatment, other (iron); or higher (400,000 IU) versus lower dose (200,000 IU). In all trials, a considerable proportion of infants were at least partially breastfed until six months. Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water-miscible or beta-carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo or no treatment) Maternal: We did not find evidence that vitamin A supplementation reduced maternal mortality at 12 months (hazard ratio (HR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 2.21; 8577 participants; 1 RCT, moderate-quality evidence). Effects were less certain at six months (risk ratio (RR) 0.50, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.71; 564 participants; 1 RCT; low-quality evidence). The effect on maternal morbidity (diarrhoea, respiratory infections, fever) was uncertain because the quality of evidence was very low (50 participants, 1 RCT). We found insufficient evidence that vitamin A increases abdominal pain (RR 1.28, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.73; 786 participants; 1 RCT; low-quality evidence). We found low-quality evidence that vitamin A supplementation increased breast milk retinol concentrations by 0.20 µmol/L at three to three and a half months (mean difference (MD) 0.20 µmol/L, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.31; 837 participants; 6 RCTs). Infant: We did not find evidence that vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality at two to 12 months (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.52; 6090 participants; 5 RCTs; low-quality evidence). Effects on morbidity (gastroenteritis at three months) was uncertain (RR 6.03, 95% CI 0.30 to 121.82; 84 participants; 1 RCT; very low-quality evidence). There was low-quality evidence for the effect on infant adverse outcomes (bulging fontanelle at 24 to 48 hours) (RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.61 to 6.55; 444 participants; 1 RCT). Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl) 400,000 IU versus 200,000 IUThree studies (1312 participants) were included in this comparison. None of the studies assessed maternal mortality, maternal morbidity or infant mortality. Findings from one study showed that there may be little or no difference in infant morbidity between the doses (diarrhoea, respiratory illnesses, and febrile illnesses) (312 participants, data not pooled). No firm conclusion could be drawn on the impact on maternal and infant adverse outcomes (limited data available).The effect on breast milk retinol was also uncertain due to the small amount of information available.

Authors' conclusions: There was no evidence of benefit from different doses of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, compared with other doses or placebo. Although maternal breast milk retinol concentrations improved with supplementation, this did not translate to health benefits for either women or infants. Few studies reported on maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Future studies should include these important outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Systematic review flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 1 Maternal mortality to 6 months.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 5 Maternal adverse effects of supplementation.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 6 Maternal serum retinol (mcmol/L) at 3 ‐ 3.5 months postpartum.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 7 Maternal serum retinol (mcmol/L) at 6 ‐ 6.5 months postpartum.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 8 Maternal serum retinol (mcmol/L) at 9 months postpartum.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 9 Maternal low hepatic vitamin A reserves 3 months postpartum.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 10 Maternal low hepatic vitamin A reserves 6 months postpartum.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 11 Maternal low hepatic vitamin A reserves 9 months postpartum.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 12 Maternal breast milk retinol (mcmol/L) at 3 ‐ 3.5 months postpartum.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 13 Maternal breast milk retinol (mcmol/L) at 6 ‐ 6.5 months postpartum.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 14 Maternal breast milk retinol (mcmol/L) at 8 ‐ 9 months postpartum.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 15 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 1.05 mcmol/L) at 3 months postpartum.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 16 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 1.05 mcmol/L) at 6 months postpartum.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 17 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 1.05 mcmol/L) at 8 ‐ 9 months postpartum.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 18 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 0.28 mcmol/g of fat) at 3 months postpartum.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 19 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 0.28 mcmol/g of fat) at 6 months postpartum.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 20 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 0.28 mcmol/g of fat) at 9 months postpartum.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 21 Maternal abnormal conjunctival impression cytology 3 months postpartum.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 22 Maternal abnormal conjunctival impression cytology 6 months postpartum.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 23 Infant mortality.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 24 Infant diarrhoea (one or more episodes) to 12 months.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 26 Infant gastroenteritis to 3 months.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 27 Infant acute respiratory infection (one or more episodes) to 12 months.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 28 Infant upper respiratory tract infection to 3 months.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 31 Infant adverse effects of supplementation.
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 32 Infant serum retinol (mcmol/L) at 3 ‐ 3.5 months postpartum.
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 33 Infant serum retinol (mcmol/L) at 6 ‐ 6.5 months postpartum.
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water‐miscible or beta‐carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo, no treatment, other), Outcome 34 Infant low hepatic vitamin A reserves at 6 ‐ 6.5 months postpartum.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl) 400,000 IU versus 200,000 IU, Outcome 1 Maternal serum retinol (mcmol/L).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl) 400,000 IU versus 200,000 IU, Outcome 2 Maternal breast milk retinol (mcmol/L).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl) 400,000 IU versus 200,000 IU, Outcome 3 Maternal breast milk retinol (< 1.05 mcmol/L).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl) 400,000 IU versus 200,000 IU, Outcome 4 Infant serum retinol (mcmol/L ).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Idindili 2007 {published data only}
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Martins 2010 {published data only}
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RETIBETA Project {published data only}
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Venkatarao 1996 {published data only}
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Vinutha 2000 {published data only}
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WHO/CHD IVASSG {published data only}
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ZVITAMBO Study Group {published data only}
    1. Humphrey JH, Hargrove JW, Malaba LC, Iliff PJ, Moulton LH, Mutasa K, et al. HIV incidence among post‐partum women in Zimbabwe: risk factors and effect of vitamin A supplementation. AIDS 2006;20(10):1437‐46. - PubMed
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Ahmad 2009 {published data only}
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Ala‐Houhala 1988 {published data only}
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Alam 2010 {published data only}
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Basu 2003 {published data only}
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Bezerra 2009 {published data only}
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Canfield 2001 {published data only}
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De Pee 1995 {published data only}
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El Hamdouchi 2013 {published data only}
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Filteau 1999 {published data only}
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Garcia 2010 {published data only}
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Gossage 2000 {published data only}
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Haskell 2013a {published data only}
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Haskell 2013b {published data only}
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Humphrey 2006 {published data only}
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Khan 2007 {published data only}
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Lietz 2001 {published data only}
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Lietz 2006 {published data only}
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Lima 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lima MS, Ribeiro PP, Medeiros JM, Silva IF, Medeiros AC, Dimenstein R. Influence of postpartum supplementation with vitamin A on the levels of immunoglobulin A in human colostrum. Jornal de Pediatria 2012;88(2):115‐8. - PubMed
Ncube 2001 {published data only}
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NNIPS‐2 {published data only}
    1. Christian P. Effects of prenatal micronutrient supplementation on complications of labor and delivery and puerperal morbidity in rural Nepal. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009;106(1):3‐7. - PubMed
    1. Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq S, Pradhan EK, et al. Vitamin A or beta‐carotene supplementation reduces but does not eliminate maternal night blindness in Nepal. Journal of Nutrition 1998;128:1458‐63. - PubMed
    1. Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Pradhan EK, et al. Vitamin A or beta‐carotene supplementation reduces symptoms of illness in pregnant and lactating Nepali women. Journal of Nutrition 2000;130:2675‐82. - PubMed
    1. Congdon NG, Dreyfuss ML, Christian P, Navitsky RC, Sanchez AM, Wu LSF, et al. Responsiveness of dark adaptation threshold to vitamin A and beta‐carotene supplementation in pregnant and lactating women in Nepal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;72:1004‐9. - PubMed
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ObaapaVitA {published data only}
    1. Kirkwood BR, Hurt L, Amenga‐Etego S, Tawiah C, Zandoh C, Danso S, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age on maternal survival in Ghana (ObaapaVitA): a cluster‐randomised, placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375:1640‐9. - PubMed
Swaminathan 2015 {published data only}
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Tchum 2006 {published data only}
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Turner 2013 {published data only}
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West 2011 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Nga 2013 {published data only}
    1. Nga TT, Dijkhuizen MA, Tu NS, Friis H, Berger J, Hop LT, et al. Post‐partum high‐dose vitamin A supplementation to improve vitamin A status of mother and infant: The role of timing and inflammation. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):755‐6, Abstract no: PO1041.
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Wang 2012 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Ahmad 2015 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Oliveira 2008b
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