Lifestyle and pregnancy loss in a contemporary cohort of women recruited before conception: The LIFE Study

Abstract

Objective: To estimate pregnancy loss incidence in a contemporary cohort of couples whose lifestyles were measured during sensitive windows of reproduction to identify factors associated with pregnancy loss for the continual refinement of preconception guidance.

Design: Prospective cohort with preconception enrollment.

Setting: Sixteen counties in Michigan and Texas.

Patient(s): Three hundred forty-four couples with a singleton pregnancy followed daily through 7 postconception weeks of gestation.

Intervention(s): None. Couples daily recorded use of cigarettes, caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, and multivitamins. Women used fertility monitors for ovulation detection and digital pregnancy tests. Pregnancy loss was denoted by conversion to a negative pregnancy test, onset of menses, or clinical confirmation depending upon gestation. Using proportional hazards regression and accounting for right censoring, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (aHR, 95% CI) for couples' lifestyles (cigarette smoking, alcoholic and caffeinated drinks, multivitamins) during three sensitive windows: preconception, early pregnancy, and periconception.

Main outcome measure(s): Incidence and risk factors for pregnancy loss.

Result(s): Ninety-eight of 344 (28%) women with a singleton pregnancy experienced an observed pregnancy loss. In the preconception window, loss was associated with female age ≥35 years (1.96, 1.13-3.38) accounting for couples' ages, women's and men's consumption of >2 daily caffeinated beverages (1.74, 1.07-2.81; and 1.73, 1.10-2.72, respectively), and women's vitamin adherence (0.45, 0.25-0.80). The findings were similar for lifestyle during the early pregnancy and periconception windows.

Conclusion(s): Couples' preconception lifestyle factors were associated with pregnancy loss, although women's multivitamin adherence dramatically reduced risk. The findings support continual refinement and implementation of preconception guidance.

Keywords: Caffeine; lifestyle; miscarriage; multivitamins; pregnancy loss.

Figure 1

Cumulative incidence and 95% confidence intervals of pregnancy loss by gestation (panel A), and the incidence and 95% confidence intervals of pregnancy loss by time-to-pregnancy in observed menstrual cycles (panel B).

Figure 2

Comparison of male and female partner’s lifestyle by pregnancy loss and sensitive window (preconception, early pregnancy, periconception).