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. 2016 Mar 30;3(3):CD012025.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012025.pub2.

Brief educational strategies for improving contraception use in young people

Laureen M Lopez  1 , Thomas W Grey, Elizabeth E Tolley, Mario Chen
Affiliations

Brief educational strategies for improving contraception use in young people

Laureen M Lopez et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Global high rates of unplanned pregnancy and abortion among young women demonstrate the need for increased access to modern contraceptive services. In sub-Saharan Africa, the birth rate for those aged 15 to 19 years is 121 per 1000. In the USA, 6% of teens aged 15 to 19 years became pregnant in 2010. Most pregnancies among young women to age 25 are unintended.

Objectives: The aim was to identify brief educational interventions for improving contraceptive use among young people that are feasible for implementing in a clinic or similar setting with limited resources.

Search methods: To 7 March 2016, we searched for studies in CENTRAL, PubMed, POPLINE, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP.

Selection criteria: We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assigned individuals or clusters as well as non-randomized studies (NRS). We included young people to age 25.The intervention had to be sufficiently brief for a clinic, i.e. one to three sessions of 15 to 60 minutes plus potential follow-up. The strategy had to emphasize one or more effective methods of contraception. Primary outcomes were pregnancy and contraceptive use.

Data collection and analysis: We assessed titles and abstracts identified during the searches. One author extracted and entered the data into Review Manager; a second author verified accuracy. We examined studies for methodological quality.For dichotomous outcomes, we calculated the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). For continuous variables, we computed the mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. We used adjusted measures for cluster RCTs, typically ORs, that the investigators reported. For NRS, which need to control for confounding, we also used reported adjusted measures. We did not conduct meta-analysis due to varied interventions and outcome measures.

Main results: We found 11 studies, published from 1983 to 2015, that included a total of 8338 participants. Ten were from the USA and one was from China. We focused here on intervention effects for our primary outcomes. Five studies showed some effect on contraceptive use. Of three RCTs that examined innovative counseling, one showed an intervention effect. At one year, adolescents with developmental counseling were more likely to use contraception effectively than those with standard counseling (OR 48.38, 95% CI 5.96 to 392.63).Three studies used an audiovisual tool plus counseling; two reported some effect on contraceptive use. An NRS with young men, aged 15 to 18, examined a slide-tape presentation plus reproductive health consultation. At one year, the intervention group was more likely than the standard-care group to report using an effective contraceptive and having a partner who used oral contraceptives (OCs), both at last intercourse (reported adjusted OR 1.51 and 1.66, respectively). Another study utilized a computer program for contraceptive decision-making plus standard counseling for women to age 20. At one year, fewer women in the intervention group at one site had not used OCs compared with the counseling-only group (3.4% versus 8.8%; reported P = 0.05).Three RCTs provided phone follow-up after counseling, one of which showed an effect on contraceptive use among women age 16 to 24. Women who received counseling plus phone calls to encourage contraceptive use were more likely than the counseling-only group to report consistent OC use at three months (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.87) and six months (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.87). Also at three months, they were more likely to report condom use at last sex (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.03).Two cluster randomized trials trained providers on contraceptive methods and counseling. One trial with an intervention effect tested comprehensive contraceptive services for women to age 25, postabortion. At six months, the comprehensive-service group was more likely than the standard-care group to use an effective contraceptive (reported adjusted OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.98) and to use condoms consistently and correctly (reported adjusted OR 5.68, 95% CI 3.39 to 9.53).

Authors' conclusions: Few studies tested brief strategies for young people. We noted heterogeneity across studies in participants' ages and life situations. Of five studies with some effect, one provided moderate-quality evidence; four were older studies with low-quality evidence. More intensive strategies could be more effective, but would also be challenging for many clinics to implement.

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Conflict of interest statement

Laureen Lopez has no known conflict of interest.

Thomas Grey has no known conflict of interest.

Elizabeth Tolley has no known conflict of interest.

Mario Chen has no known conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Blank cells indicate the criterion was not relevant due to study design and therefore was not assessed.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Developmental versus conventional counseling, Outcome 1 Effective user of contraception at 1 year.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Peer counseling versus nurse counseling, Outcome 1 OC non‐adherence (Guttman score) at 4 months.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Motivational interviewing versus pamphlet on health, Outcome 1 Ineffective contraceptive use at 4 months.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Multicomponent intervention versus routine counseling, Outcome 1 Continuation of oral contraceptives at 1 year.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Multicomponent intervention versus routine counseling, Outcome 2 Switched contraceptives by 1 year.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 1 Consistent OC use: counseling + phone versus counseling.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 2 Condom use at last sex: counseling + phone versus counseling.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 3 Consistent OC use: counseling versus standard care.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 4 Condom use at last sex: counseling versus standard care.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 5 Would recommend OC use to a friend: counseling + phone versus counseling.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 6 Would recommend OC use to a friend: counseling versus standard care.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 7 Pregnancy by 12 months (counseling + phone vs counseling).
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 Counseling + phone calls versus counseling versus standard care, Outcome 8 Pregnancy by 12 months (counseling vs standard care).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Text messages for injection appointments versus routine care, Outcome 1 Completed cycles.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012025

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