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Review
. 2016 Aug;31(8):1114-9.
doi: 10.1002/mds.26605. Epub 2016 Mar 31.

Neuropathological basis of nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease

Charles H Adler  1 , Thomas G Beach  2
Affiliations
Review

Neuropathological basis of nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease

Charles H Adler et al. Mov Disord. 2016 Aug.

Abstract

Nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) can begin well before motor PD begins. It is now clear, from clinical and autopsy studies, that there is significant Lewy-type α-synucleinopathy present outside the nigro-striatal pathway and that this may underlie these nonmotor manifestations. This review discusses neuropathological findings that may underlie nonmotor symptoms that either predate motor findings or occur as the disease progresses. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Keywords: Parkinson's disease; nonmotor signs; synuclein.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest for any author on this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Unified Staging System for Lewy Body Disorders. In this staging system the presence of peripheral synuclein does not occur until Stage II–IV.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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