Reelin in Alzheimer's Disease, Increased Levels but Impaired Signaling: When More is Less

Abstract

In the continuing search for proteins that play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that are related to the pathological hallmarks, those that influence cognitive function and that constitute potential therapeutic targets deserve special interest. Reelin is a signaling protein that is involved in a cascade of cytoplasmic events that control tau phosphorylation and that regulate synaptic neurotransmission, plasticity, and memory. Both Reelin expression and glycosylation are modulated by amyloid-β (Aβ), suggesting that the activity of Reelin could be affected in AD and hence, its possible influence on this pathology should be taken into consideration. The levels of Reelin in the brain of AD patients appear to be altered and interestingly, disrupted Reelin signaling is associated with increased tau phosphorylation as well as with amyloid-β protein precursor processing. We discuss here the somewhat contradictory data regarding Reelin levels in AD and we evaluate the processing of the Reelin receptor, ApoER2, and other downstream events, such as the phosphorylation of the intracellular adapter Dab1. Together with brain Reelin levels, these changes may represent a relevant read-out of Reelin signaling in the human brain.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; ApoER2; AβPP; P-tau; Reelin; amyloid-β; glycosylation.