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Review
. 2016 Aug 27;388(10047):906-918.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00278-6. Epub 2016 Mar 30.

Hyperthyroidism

Simone De Leo #  1 , Sun Y Lee #  1 , Lewis E Braverman #  1
Affiliations
Review

Hyperthyroidism

Simone De Leo et al. Lancet. .

Abstract

Hyperthyroidism is characterised by increased thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion from the thyroid gland, whereas thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical syndrome of excess circulating thyroid hormones, irrespective of the source. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, followed by toxic nodular goitre. Other important causes of thyrotoxicosis include thyroiditis, iodine-induced and drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, and factitious ingestion of excess thyroid hormones. Treatment options for Graves' disease include antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgery, whereas antithyroid drugs are not generally used long term in toxic nodular goitre, because of the high relapse rate of thyrotoxicosis after discontinuation. β blockers are used in symptomatic thyrotoxicosis, and might be the only treatment needed for thyrotoxicosis not caused by excessive production and release of the thyroid hormones. Thyroid storm and hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and during the post-partum period are special circumstances that need careful assessment and treatment.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Pathogenesis of thyroid autonomy
cAMP=cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Gsα=G protein alpha subunit. TSH=thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Algorithm for the assessment of thyrotoxicosis
T3=tri-iodothyronine. T4=thyroxine. TRAb=TSH-receptor antibodies. TSH=thyroid-stimulating hormone. TRAb=TSH-receptor antibodies. TSI=thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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