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. 2016 Mar 22:11:603-10.
doi: 10.2147/COPD.S93958. eCollection 2016.

Physical exercise is effective in preventing cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary oxidative response in mice

Renata Tiscoski Nesi  1 , Priscila Soares de Souza  1 , Giulia Pedroso Dos Santos  1 , Anand Thirupathi  1 , Bruno T Menegali  1 , Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira  1 , Luciano Acordi da Silva  1 , Samuel Santos Valença  2 , Ricardo Aurino Pinho  1
Affiliations

Physical exercise is effective in preventing cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary oxidative response in mice

Renata Tiscoski Nesi et al. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. .

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, and physical exercise (Ex) is useful in combating impaired oxidative process. We verified the preventive effects of Ex on lung oxidative markers induced by smoking. In this study, 36 mice (C57BL-6, 30-35 g) were split into four groups: control, CS, Ex, and CS plus Ex. Ex groups were given prior physical training in water (2×30 min/d, 5 days/wk, 8 weeks). After training, the CS groups were subjected to passive exposure to four cigarettes, 3 × per day, for 60 consecutive days. After 24 hours from the last exposure, CS animals were sacrificed, and lung samples were collected for further analysis. Left lung sample was prepared for histological analysis, and right lung was used for biochemical analysis (superoxide, hydroxyproline, lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive species], protein carbonylation [carbonyl groups formation], superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione peroxidase [GPx] activities). Group comparisons were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with P<0.05 considered significantly different. Preventive Ex impeded histological changes and increased the enzymatic defense system (SOD and GPx) by reducing oxidative damage in lipids and proteins. This preventive effect of prior physical Ex alleviates damage caused by CS exposure.

Keywords: COPD; cigarette smoke; exercise; free radicals; oxidative stress.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of physical training on morphological alterations in lung tissue after CS exposure. Notes: Slices were made in thickness of 4 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A–C) or Weigert stain (D–F). (A, D) C (no pathologic alterations); (B, E) CS (emphysematous lesions); (C, F) CS+Ex (partial reduction of emphysema). Abbreviations: C, control; CS, cigarette smoke; CS+Ex, cigarette smoke plus exercise.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Hydroxyproline content and (B) superoxide production were evaluated in lung homogenates from mice exposed to CS and/or to Ex. Notes: Results are presented as mean ± SD. Values of (A) are expressed in mg/g tissue and values of (B) are expressed in nmol/min/mg protein. The comparison between the groups was analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test. *In relation to C, P<0.05; **in relation to CS group, P<0.05. Abbreviations: C, control; Ex, exercise; CS, cigarette smoke; SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Superoxide dismutase (A), catalase (B), and glutathione peroxidase (C) activities in lung homogenates from mice exposed to CS and/or to Ex. Notes: Results are presented as mean ± SD, and the results are expressed in U/mg protein. The comparison between the groups was analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test. *In relation to C, P<0.05; **in relation to CS group, P<0.05. Abbreviations: C, control; Ex, exercise; CS, cigarette smoke; SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Oxidative damage in lipids (A) and protein (B) in lung homogenates from mice exposed to CS and/or to Ex. Notes: Results are presented as mean ± SD, and the results are expressed in nmol/mg protein. The comparison between the groups was analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test. *In relation to C, P<0.05; **in relation to CS group, P<0.05. Abbreviations: TBars, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive species; C, control; Ex, exercise; CS, cigarette smoke; SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
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