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Review
. 2016 Mar 30;8(4):93.
doi: 10.3390/v8040093.

Enterovirus Control of Translation and RNA Granule Stress Responses

Richard E Lloyd  1
Affiliations
Review

Enterovirus Control of Translation and RNA Granule Stress Responses

Richard E Lloyd. Viruses. .

Abstract

Enteroviruses such as poliovirus (PV) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) have evolved several parallel strategies to regulate cellular gene expression and stress responses to ensure efficient expression of the viral genome. Enteroviruses utilize their encoded proteinases to take over the cellular translation apparatus and direct ribosomes to viral mRNAs. In addition, viral proteinases are used to control and repress the two main types of cytoplasmic RNA granules, stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies, PBs), which are stress-responsive dynamic structures involved in repression of gene expression. This review discusses these processes and the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms with respect to enterovirus infections. In addition, the review discusses accumulating data suggesting linkage exists between RNA granule formation and innate immune sensing and activation.

Keywords: P-bodies; coxsackievirus; enterovirus; poliovirus; stress granules; translation shutoff.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cleavage-based mechanisms of enterovirus control of translation apparatus and stress granules. Box 1 shows the normal cap-dependent translation initiation mRNA binding step and mature polysomes. Red dashed arrows indicate substrate targets of viral proteinases. Box 2 depicts G3BP1-dependent activation of PKR through recruitment to stress granules (SGs), followed by its release. Only components discussed in the text are shown, many SG components are not depicted.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Enterovirus inhibition of P-bodies. Cartoon depicts mRNP remodeling required for assembly into PBs and cleavage of PB factors that destabilize mRNA. Pan 3 and Dcp1a play roles in PB formation. 2Apro blocks PB formation through an unknown mechanism(s).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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