Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure for Determining Excess Weight Gain in Pregnant Women

Abstract

Objective: To conduct a secondary analysis designed to test whether gestational weight gain is the result of increased energy intake or adaptive changes in energy expenditures.

Methods: In this secondary analysis, energy intake and energy expenditure of 45 pregnant women (body mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 [n=33] and BMI 25 or greater [n=12]) were measured preconceptionally and at 22 and 36 weeks of gestation. Energy intake was calculated as the sum of total energy expenditure measured by doubly-labeled water and energy deposition determined by the four-compartment body composition model. Measurements of weight, body composition, and basal metabolic rate were completed preconceptionally and 9, 22, and 36 weeks of gestation. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in a room calorimeter and activity energy expenditure by doubly-labeled water.

Results: Energy intake from 22 to 36 weeks of gestation was significantly higher in high gainers (n=19) (3,437±99 kcal per day) compared with low+ideal gainers (n=26) (2,687±110, P<.001) within both BMI categories. Basal metabolic rate increased in proportion to gestational weight gain; however, basal metabolic rate adjusted for body composition changes with gestational weight gain was not significantly different between high gainers and low+ideal gainers (151±33 compared with 129±36 kcal per day; P=.66). Activity energy expenditure decreased throughout pregnancy in both groups (low+ideal gainers: -150±70 kcal per day; P=.04 and high gainers: -230±92 kcal per day; P=.01), but there was no difference between high gainers and low+ideal gainers (P=.49).

Conclusion: Interventions designed to increase adherence to the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain in pregnancy may have increased efficacy if focused on limiting energy intake while increasing nutrient density and maintaining levels of physical activity.

Figure 1

Comparison of trimester-specific weight gain between high gainers and low and ideal gainers. *P<.05 for between group differences.

Figure 2

Maternal energy intake determined from doubly labeled water and changes in maternal energy stores for high and low and ideal gainers (A) and body mass index class differences (B). *P<.05 for between group differences.

Figure 3

Maternal energy expenditure (measured compared with predicted) for basal metabolic rate (A) and total energy expenditure (B) for high and low and ideal gainers. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect room calorimetery. Total energy expenditure was measured via doubly labeled water. Predicted basal metabolic rate and predicted total energy expenditure was calculated using a linear regression model for basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure, respectively, using fat mass and fat-free mass during the second trimester and maternal age as predictors. See Table 2 for equations. *P<.05; †P≥.05.