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. 2016:2016:1684794.
doi: 10.1155/2016/1684794. Epub 2016 Mar 9.

Protective Effect of Mangifera indica Linn., Cocos nucifera Linn., and Averrhoa carambola Linn. Extracts against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in Human Keratinocytes

Chalinee Ronpirin  1 , Nattaporn Pattarachotanant  2 , Tewin Tencomnao  2
Affiliations

Protective Effect of Mangifera indica Linn., Cocos nucifera Linn., and Averrhoa carambola Linn. Extracts against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in Human Keratinocytes

Chalinee Ronpirin et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016.

Abstract

This study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica Linn., Cocos nucifera Linn., and Averrhoa carambola Linn. and their biological effect on human keratinocytes affected by the ultraviolet B (UVB), a major cause of cell damage and skin cancer through induction of DNA damage, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis. The richest antioxidant activity was found in ethanol fraction of M. indica (21.32 ± 0.66 mg QE/g dry weight), while the lowest one was found in aqueous fractions of M. indica and C. nucifera (1.76 ± 2.10 and 1.65 ± 0.38 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively). Ethanol and aqueous fractions of A. carambola (250 µg/mL) significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells. The expression of cleaved caspase 3 in UVB-treated group was significantly greater than that in untreated group. Both fractions of A. carambola (50, 100, and 250 µg/mL) significantly decreased the expression of cleaved caspase 3. Regarding the induction of DNA repair, ethanol (100 and 250 µg/mL) and aqueous (50, 100 and 250 µg/mL) fractions of A. carambola significantly decreased the percentage of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). Taken together, our results suggest that both fractions of A. carambola may be potentially developed for dermal applications.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The effect of M. indica, C. nucifera, and A. carambola extracts on viability of HaCaT cells. Detection of cell viability was performed using MTT assay. HaCaT cells were treated with Thai fruit extracts at the concentration of 0–500 µg/mL for 48 h. The aqueous extract of A. carambola could significantly decrease cell viability. ∗ The aqueous extract of A. carambola at the concentration of 500 µg/mL could significantly decrease cell viability in comparison with the cell viability of untreated group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The effect of all UVB intensities on cell viability by Trypan blue assay. Cell viability values shown as mean ± SD were derived from 3 independent experiments. ∗ The cell viability in UVB-treated groups (200-1,600 mJ/cm2) significantly decreased when comparing to that in UVB-untreated group (0 mJ/cm2).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The effect of M. indica, C. nucifera, and A. carambola extracts on apoptosis of UVB-treated HaCaT cells. HaCaT cells were treated with UVB intensity at 200 mJ/cm2 and Thai fruit extracts at the concentration of 50, 100, and 250 µg/mL for 24 h. Apoptotic cell images were shown as histogram (a) and apoptotic values were shown as mean ± SD derived from 3 independent experiments (b). ∗ The extracts of both fractions of A. carambola (250 µg/mL) could significantly decrease the number of apoptotic cells in comparison with the number of apoptotic cells in the UVB-treated group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effect of both aqueous (a) and ethanol (b) extracts of A. carambola on cleaved caspase 3 expression. Cleaved caspase 3 expression was increased when cells were treated with UVB (200 mJ/cm2). After UVB stimulation, cells were treated with extracts for 24 h. Both extracts of A. carambola could significantly decrease cleaved caspase 3 expression.
Figure 5
Figure 5
CPD expression in cells treated with UVB 200 mJ/cm2; both extracts of A. carambola and 100 µM of vitamin C. The level of CPD expression was low in untreated group. UVB could induce DNA damage causing CPD expression to increase. After extract treatment for 24 h, CPD expression was significantly decreased. Values of CPD expression were shown as mean ± SD derived from 3 independent experiments. ∗ The ethanol (100 and 250 µg/mL) and aqueous (50, 100, and 250 µg/mL) fractions of A. carambola could significantly decrease the percentage of CPD in comparison with the percentage of CPD in the UVB-treated group.
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