Degree of Hybridization in Seed Stands of Pinus engelmannii Carr. In the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico

Abstract

Hybridization is an important evolutionary force, because interspecific gene transfer can introduce more new genetic material than is directly generated by mutations. Pinus engelmannii Carr. is one of the nine most common pine species in the pine-oak forest ecoregion in the state of Durango, Mexico. This species is widely harvested for lumber and is also used in reforestation programmes. Interspecific hybrids between P.engelmannii and Pinus arizonica Engelm. have been detected by morphological analysis. The presence of hybrids in P. engelmannii seed stands may affect seed quality and reforestation success. Therefore, the goals of this research were to identify introgressive hybridization between P. engelmannii and other pine species in eight seed stands of this species in Durango, Mexico, and to examine how hybrid proportion is related to mean genetic dissimilarity between trees in these stands, using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers and morphological traits. Differences in the average current annual increment of putative hybrids and pure trees were also tested for statistical significance. Morphological and genetic analyses of 280 adult trees were carried out. Putative hybrids were found in all the seed stands studied. The hybrids did not differ from the pure trees in vigour or robustness. All stands with putative P. engelmannii hybrids detected by both AFLPs and morphological traits showed the highest average values of the Tanimoto distance, which indicates: i) more heterogeneous genetic material, ii) higher genetic variation and therefore iii) the higher evolutionary potential of these stands, and iv) that the morphological differentiation (hybrid/not hybrid) is strongly associated with the Tanimoto distance per stand. We conclude that natural pairwise hybrids are very common in the studied stands. Both morphological and molecular approaches are necessary to confirm the genetic identity of forest reproductive material.

Fig 1. Location of the Pinus engelmannii, P. arizonica var cooperi, and P. durangensis stands.

Location of the Pinus engelmannii, P. arizonica var cooperi, and P. durangensis stands in the state of Durango (NW Mexico). The distribution of P. engelmannii was taken from Little [78]. Data sources: Own compilation based on freely-accessible digital maps from INEGI, Mexico (http://www.inegi.org.mx/geo/contenidos/mapadigital/). The shp format of the distribution of P. engelmannii is freely available at: http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/little/pinuenge.pdf (accessed July 2015).

Fig 2. STRUCTURE results simulated with K = 2.

STRUCTURE results for the eight Pinus engelmannii stands (RC: Los Castro, MC: Mesa Cebollas, MCO: Mesa Coyotes, R: El Rio, ARC: Adolfo Ruiz Cortinez, CU: Cumbres, LM: La Mesa, NP: Nueva Patria), two Pinus durangensis stands (a) SE: San Esteban; (b) VEN: Venaderos, and two Pinus arizonica var. cooperi stands (c) MEX: Mexicanos, (d) AB: Abrevaderos), Durango, Mexico. Data were simulated with K = 2, as described in Material and Methods.