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. 2017 Jun;56(4):1637-1646.
doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1210-4. Epub 2016 Apr 12.

Dietary mineral intake and lung cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study

Taulant Muka  1 , Bledar Kraja  1   2   3 , Rikje Ruiter  1   4 , Lies Lahousse  1   5 , Catherine E de Keyser  1   6 , Albert Hofman  1 , Oscar H Franco  1 , Guy Brusselle  5 , Bruno H Stricker  7   8 , Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong  1   9
Affiliations

Dietary mineral intake and lung cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study

Taulant Muka et al. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Jun.

Abstract

Objective: Limited data are available on the role of mineral intake in the development of lung cancer (LC). We investigated whether dietary calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium and zinc intake were associated with LC risk.

Methods: We analyzed data from 5435 participants of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort study among subjects aged 55 years and older. At baseline (1990-1993), diet was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. LC events were diagnosed on the basis of pathology data and medical records. Hazard ratios (HRs) on LC for energy-adjusted mineral intake were calculated using Cox regression models while adjusting for potential confounders.

Results: During a follow-up period of 22 years, we identified 211 incident cases of LC. A higher zinc intake was associated with 42 % reduction in risk of LC (top tertile vs. first tertile: HR 0.58, 95 % CI 0.35; 0.94, P-for trend = 0.039). Similarly, high intake of iron was associated with reduced risk of LC (top tertile vs. first tertile: HR 0.58, 95 % CI 0.37; 0.92, P-for trend = 0.021). There was no association between dietary intake of calcium, copper, magnesium and selenium and LC risk.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that dietary zinc and iron intake are associated with reduced risk of LC. No evidence was found for an association between calcium, copper, magnesium and selenium intake and LC risk.

Keywords: Calcium; Copper; Iron; Lung cancer; Magnesium; Selenium; Zinc.

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Conflict of interest statement

All participants gave informed consent to participate in the study and to obtain information from treating physicians and pharmacies, separately. The Rotterdam Study has been approved by the medical ethics committee according to the Wet Bevolkingsonderzoek: ERGO (Population Study Act: Rotterdam Study), executed by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports of the Netherlands.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of participants in the study, the Rotterdam Study, 1989–1993
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Multivariable HRs of lung cancer by categories of dietary heme iron and non-heme iron intake. HRs (95 % CI) were estimated by using Cox’s proportional hazard model adjusted for age, gender, alcohol intake (continuous), body mass index (continuous), smoking status (never smokers, former smokers <15 pack-years, former smoker ≥15 pack-years, current smoker <27.5 pack-years, current smoker ≥27.5 pack-years), physical activity (continuous), Dutch healthy diet-index (continuous), dietary processed meat intake (continuous), dietary unprocessed red meat intake (continuous), total energy intake (continuous), hormone replacement therapy (yes vs. no), diabetes mellitus (yes vs. no), education status (low, intermediate, high), income status (low, intermediate, high), total energy adjusted sum of other minerals (excluding the mineral under investigation) (continuous), family history of cancer (yes vs. no) and heme or non-heme iron (according to the exposure under investigation). HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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