Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Apr 14:16:149.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1485-3.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage in Chinese children aged 12-18 months in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study

Jiayu Hu  1 , Xiaodong Sun  1 , Zhuoying Huang  1 , Abram L Wagner  2 , Bradley Carlson  2 , Jianping Yang  1 , Suwen Tang  1 , Yunyi Li  1 , Matthew L Boulton  3 , Zhengan Yuan  4
Affiliations

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage in Chinese children aged 12-18 months in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study

Jiayu Hu et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are leading causes of childhood pneumonia and meningitis and are major contributors to worldwide mortality in children younger than 5 years of age. Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus and Hib was determined for healthy children in Shanghai in 2009.

Methods: Children from 5 immunization clinics were enrolled in this study. Specimens from the nasopharynx were collected and cultured in Columbia and chocolate agar to identify pneumococcal and Hib carriage. Pneumococcal specimens were serotyped with the Neufeld test, and antibiotic resistance for pneumococcal and Hib specimens used the E-test method. Significance of risk factors for carriage was assessed through chi-square tests.

Results: Among 614 children, 16.6% had pneumococcal carriage and 8.0% Hib carriage. The predominant serotype of pneumococcus that was isolated was 19 F (52.9%); serotype coverage was 68.6% for both 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and PCV-10, and 82.3% for PCV-13. Household residency and father's education were both significantly related to pneumococcal and Hib carriage. The majority of S. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to most antimicrobials but there were high levels of resistance to azithromycin (51.0 %) and erythromycin (51.0%). Haemophilus influenzae isolates were sensitive to almost all antimicrobials tested although 12.2% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin.

Conclusions: The pneumococcal and Hib vaccines require payment, and the children with the highest burden of disease may not be receiving these vaccines. Moreover, the presence of high antibiotic susceptibility towards pneumococcus, and to a lesser extent towards Hib, underscores the need for preventive protection against these diseases. Public funding of pneumococcal and Hib vaccines would be one mechanism to increase uptake of these vaccines.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; China; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Seroprevalence; Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PubMed Disclaimer

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Fischer Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, et al. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet. 2013;381:1405–16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chen Y, Deng W, Wang S-M, Mo Q-M, Jia H, Wang Q, et al. Burden of pneumonia and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in China among children under 5 years of age. a systematic literature review. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e27333. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027333. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, et al. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years. global estimates. Lancet. 2009;374:903–11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61203-4. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6:288–301. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1871. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Barbour ML. Conjugate vaccines and the carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Emerg Infect Dis. 1996;2:176–82. doi: 10.3201/eid0203.960303. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms