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. 2016 Aug 1;39(8):1563-70.
doi: 10.5665/sleep.6022.

Emergence of Sex Differences in Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescents: A Large-Scale School-Based Study

Jihui Zhang  1 , Ngan Yin Chan  1 , Siu Ping Lam  1 , Shirley Xin Li  2 , Yaping Liu  1 , Joey W Y Chan  1 , Alice Pik Shan Kong  3 , Ronald C W Ma  3 , Kate C C Chan  4 , Albert Martin Li  4 , Yun-Kwok Wing  1
Affiliations

Emergence of Sex Differences in Insomnia Symptoms in Adolescents: A Large-Scale School-Based Study

Jihui Zhang et al. Sleep. .

Abstract

Study objectives: This study aimed to explore the moderation of pubertal status on the onset of sex differences in the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their health correlates.

Methods: A total of 7,507 children and adolescents (weighted percentage of female: 48.5%) aged between 6-17 y were recruited from thirty-one primary and secondary schools. Participants with difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and/or early morning awakening (EMA) ≥ 3 times/week in the past month were considered as having insomnia symptoms. The severity of insomnia was measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).

Results: The prevalence of insomnia symptoms increased from 3.4% to 12.2% in girls (3.6-fold) and from 4.3% to 9.1% in boys (2.1-fold) from Tanner stage 1 to 5. There was a significant interaction between sex and Tanner stage in the prevalence of insomnia (P < 0.001) with an emergence of female preponderance at Tanner stage 4 even after controlling for age, family income, and school start time. Similar sex-Tanner stage interactions were found in DIS, DMS, and ISI total score but not EMA. Insomnia symptoms were strongly associated with behavioral problems, poor mental health, and poor general health in both sexes. Boys with insomnia would report more maladaptive lifestyles (smoking, alcohol, and energy drinks) whereas girls with insomnia were more susceptible to emotional and relationship difficulties.

Conclusions: Pubertal maturation was associated with a progressive increase in the prevalence of insomnia symptoms with the emergence of female preponderance in both the prevalence and severity of insomnia symptoms at late puberty.

Clinical trials registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Register, http://www.chictr.org.cn, ID: ChiCTR-TRC-12002798.

Keywords: adolescents; insomnia symptoms; pubertal status; sex differences.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sex-specific weighted prevalence of insomnia symptoms and subtypes across different Tanner stages. (A) Overall insomnia symptoms. (B) DIS. (C) DMS. (D) EMA. Weighted for age. DIS, difficulty initiating sleep; DMS, difficulty maintaining sleep; EMA, early morning awakening.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Sex and Tanner stage interaction in the severity of insomnia symptoms. (A) ISI total score. (B) ISI ≥ 9. Weighted for age and sex. Bars represent standard errors of the mean. ISI, Insomnia Severity Index.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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