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. 2016 Apr 19;11(4):e0153553.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153553. eCollection 2016.

Glycogen Levels in Undiluted Genital Fluid and Their Relationship to Vaginal pH, Estrogen, and Progesterone

Paria Mirmonsef  1 , Anna L Hotton  2 , Douglas Gilbert  1 , Casey J Gioia  3 , Danijela Maric  3 , Thomas J Hope  3 , Alan L Landay  1 , Gregory T Spear  1
Affiliations

Glycogen Levels in Undiluted Genital Fluid and Their Relationship to Vaginal pH, Estrogen, and Progesterone

Paria Mirmonsef et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Colonization of the female lower genital tract with Lactobacillus provides protection against STIs and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Growth of genital Lactobacillus is postulated to depend on epithelial cell-produced glycogen. However, the amount of cell-free glycogen in genital fluid available for utilization by Lactobacillus is not known.

Methods: Eighty-five genital fluid samples from 7 pre-menopausal women taken over 4-6 weeks were obtained using the Instead SoftCup® (EvoFem, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) by consented donors. Cell-free glycogen and glucose in genital fluids and estrogen and progesterone in blood were quantified.

Findings: Glycogen ranged from 0.1-32 μg/μl. There were significant differences between women in glycogen over the observation period. There was a strong negative correlation between glycogen and vaginal pH (r = -0.542, p<0.0001). In multivariable analysis, free glycogen levels were significantly negatively associated with both vaginal pH and progesterone (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Estrogen, glucose, age, sexual intercourse 24 hours prior to visit, and days after the initial visit were not significantly associated with free glycogen levels.

Conclusion: Cell-free glycogen concentrations can be very high, up to 3% of genital fluid, and are strongly associated with acidic vaginal pH. However, the fluctuations in glycogen levels in individuals and differences between individuals do not appear to be associated with estrogen.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Longitudinal cell-free glycogen and glucose in undiluted vaginal secretions.
Vaginal fluid was collected from seven pre-menopausal subjects using the Instead SoftCup® as described in Methods. Glycogen (A) and glucose (B) levels were measured in undiluted vaginal fluid.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Longitudinal vaginal pH, serum estrogen and progesterone.
Vaginal pH (A) was determined utilizing a sterile pH probe as described in Methods. Blood was drawn from the seven subjects shown in Fig 1. Serum levels of estrogen (B) and progesterone (C) were measured by ELISA.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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