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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Apr 20;4(4):CD012165.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012165.

Endometrial biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis

Devashana Gupta  1 , M Louise Hull, Ian Fraser, Laura Miller, Patrick M M Bossuyt, Neil Johnson, Vicki Nisenblat
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Endometrial biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis

Devashana Gupta et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: About 10% of reproductive-aged women suffer from endometriosis, which is a costly, chronic disease that causes pelvic pain and subfertility. Laparoscopy is the gold standard diagnostic test for endometriosis, but it is expensive and carries surgical risks. Currently, there are no non-invasive tests available in clinical practice that accurately diagnose endometriosis. This is the first diagnostic test accuracy review of endometrial biomarkers for endometriosis that utilises Cochrane methodologies, providing an update on the rapidly expanding literature in this field.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the endometrial biomarkers for pelvic endometriosis, using a surgical diagnosis as the reference standard. We evaluated the tests as replacement tests for diagnostic surgery and as triage tests to inform decisions to undertake surgery for endometriosis.

Search methods: We did not restrict the searches to particular study designs, language or publication dates. To identify trials, we searched the following databases: CENTRAL (2015, July), MEDLINE (inception to May 2015), EMBASE (inception to May 2015), CINAHL (inception to April 2015), PsycINFO (inception to April 2015), Web of Science (inception to April 2015), LILACS (inception to April 2015), OAIster (inception to April 2015), TRIP (inception to April 2015) and ClinicalTrials.gov (inception to April 2015). We searched DARE and PubMed databases up to April 2015 to identify reviews and guidelines as sources of references to potentially relevant studies. We also performed searches for papers recently published and not yet indexed in the major databases. The search strategies incorporated words in the title, abstract, text words across the record and the medical subject headings (MeSH).

Selection criteria: We considered published peer-reviewed, randomised controlled or cross-sectional studies of any size that included prospectively collected samples from any population of reproductive-aged women suspected of having one or more of the following target conditions: ovarian, peritoneal or deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE).

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently extracted data from each study and performed a quality assessment. For each endometrial diagnostic test, we classified the data as positive or negative for the surgical detection of endometriosis and calculated the estimates of sensitivity and specificity. We considered two or more tests evaluated in the same cohort as separate data sets. We used the bivariate model to obtain pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity whenever sufficient data were available. The predetermined criteria for a clinically useful test to replace diagnostic surgery was one with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 79%. The criteria for triage tests were set at sensitivity at or above 95% and specificity at or above 50%, which in case of negative results rules out the diagnosis (SnOUT test) or sensitivity at or above 50% with specificity at or above 95%, which in case of positive result rules in the diagnosis (SpIN test).

Main results: We included 54 studies involving 2729 participants, most of which were of poor methodological quality. The studies evaluated endometrial biomarkers either in specific phases of the menstrual cycle or outside of it, and the studies tested the biomarkers either in menstrual fluid, in whole endometrial tissue or in separate endometrial components. Twenty-seven studies evaluated the diagnostic performance of 22 endometrial biomarkers for endometriosis. These were angiogenesis and growth factors (PROK-1), cell-adhesion molecules (integrins α3β1, α4β1, β1 and α6), DNA-repair molecules (hTERT), endometrial and mitochondrial proteome, hormonal markers (CYP19, 17βHSD2, ER-α, ER-β), inflammatory markers (IL-1R2), myogenic markers (caldesmon, CALD-1), neural markers (PGP 9.5, VIP, CGRP, SP, NPY, NF) and tumour markers (CA-125). Most of these biomarkers were assessed in single studies, whilst only data for PGP 9.5 and CYP19 were available for meta-analysis. These two biomarkers demonstrated significant diversity for the diagnostic estimates between the studies; however, the data were too limited to reliably determine the sources of heterogeneity. The mean sensitivities and specificities of PGP 9.5 (7 studies, 361 women) were 0.96 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.00) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.00), after excluding one outlier study, and for CYP19 (8 studies, 444 women), they were were 0.77 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.85) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.65 to 84), respectively. We could not statistically evaluate other biomarkers in a meaningful way. An additional 31 studies evaluated 77 biomarkers that showed no evidence of differences in expression levels between the groups of women with and without endometriosis.

Authors' conclusions: We could not statistically evaluate most of the biomarkers assessed in this review in a meaningful way. In view of the low quality of most of the included studies, the findings of this review should be interpreted with caution. Although PGP 9.5 met the criteria for a replacement test, it demonstrated considerable inter study heterogeneity in diagnostic estimates, the source of which could not be determined. Several endometrial biomarkers, such as endometrial proteome, 17βHSD2, IL-1R2, caldesmon and other neural markers (VIP, CGRP, SP, NPY and combination of VIP, PGP 9.5 and SP) showed promising evidence of diagnostic accuracy, but there was insufficient or poor quality evidence for any clinical recommendations. Laparoscopy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of endometriosis, and using any non-invasive tests should only be undertaken in a research setting. We have also identified a number of biomarkers that demonstrated no diagnostic value for endometriosis. We recommend that researchers direct future studies towards biomarkers with high diagnostic potential in good quality diagnostic studies.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Vicki Nisenblat: none known.

Louise Hull: Dr M. L. Hull obtained a grant of $10,000 to carry out a prevalence study of ultrasonographically diagnosed endometriosis in a fertility population.

Devashana Gupta: none known.

Laura Miller: none known.

Patrick Bossuyt: none known.

Ian Fraser: Ian Fraser is a member of Advisory Boards on Contraception and/or Abnormal Uterine Bleeding for Bayer Schering Pharma, Merck/MSD and Vifor Pharma; he has also received lecture fees, consultancy fees and expenses for contraception and abnormal uterine bleeding from Bayer Schering Pharma, Merck/MSD and Daiichi Sankyo. He has received a small grant for a collaborative research study with the University of Melbourne on an animal model of endometriosis.

Neil Johnson: Professor Neil Johnson is involved in research funded by Abb‐Vie. He has received support to attend conferences from MSD, Merck‐Serono and Bayer.

Figures

1
1
Sequential approach to non‐invasive testing of endometriosis
2
2
Flow of the studies identified in literature search for systematic review on endometrial biomarkers for a non‐invasive diagnosis of endometriosis.
3
3
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies
4
4
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
5
5
Forest plot of all endometrial biomarkers evaluated for detection of pelvic endometriosis. Plot shows study‐specific estimates of sensitivity and specificity (squares) with 95% CI (black line) along with country in which the study was conducted, stage of menstrual cycle when tissue was collected, method of sample collection and stage of endometriosis assessed. The studies for each test are ordered according to the year of publication. FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
6
6
Summary ROC plot of tests depolarised α‐6 Integrin and of α3β1, α4β1 and β1 Integrins in glandular and stromal compartments of endometrium for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study, the bars correspond to 95% CIs of each individual study. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size, each shape corresponds to different type of test.
7
7
Summary ROC plot of tests endometrial proteome and mitochondrial proteome for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study, the bars correspond to 95% CIs of each individual study. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size, each shape corresponds to the type of tested proteome.
8
8
Forest plot of CYP19 for detection of pelvic endometriosis. Plot shows study‐specific estimates of sensitivity and specificity (squares) with 95% CI (black line) along with country in which the study was conducted, stage of menstrual cycle when tissue was collected, method of sample collection and stage of endometriosis assessed. The studies are ordered according to the year of publication. FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
9
9
Summary ROC plot of CYP19 for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size. The solid black circle represents the mean sensitivity and specificity which is surrounded by a 95% confidence region (dotted line) and 95% prediction region (dashed line).
10
10
Summary ROC plot of ER‐α and ER‐β in glandular and stromal compartments of endometrium for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study, the bars correspond to 95% CIs of each individual study. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size, each shape corresponds to different type of test.
11
11
Summary ROC plot of tests IL‐1R2 mRNA (glandular) and IL‐1R2 mRNA (stroma) for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study, the bars correspond to 95% CIs of each individual study, different shapes represent different endometrial compartments tested. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size.
12
12
Summary ROC plot of tests Caldesmon (proliferative), caldesmon (secretory), CALD1 mRNA (proliferative) and CALD1 mRNA (secretory) for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study, the bars correspond to 95% CIs of each individual study, different shapes represent different test (protein or mRNA in different endometrial compartments). The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size.
13
13
Forest plot of PGP 9.5 for detection of pelvic endometriosis. Plot shows study‐specific estimates of sensitivity and specificity (squares) with 95% CI (black line) along with country in which the study was conducted, stage of menstrual cycle when tissue was collected, method of sample collection and stage of endometriosis assessed. The studies are ordered according to the year of publication. FN: false negative; FP: false positive; TN: true negative; TP: true positive.
14
14
Summary ROC plot of PGP 9.5 for the diagnosis of endometriosis ( the data is presented for 7 studies, excluding one outlier study (Leslie 2013)). Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size. The solid black circle represents the mean sensitivity and specificity which is surrounded by a 95% prediction region (dashed line). The outlier study is presented on the graph for descriptive purposes, but not included in the meta‐analysis.
15
15
Summary ROC plot of tests VIP, CGRP, SP, NPY, NF and combined test (VIP, PGP9.5, SP) for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Each point represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study, the bars correspond to 95% CIs of each individual study. The size of each point is proportional to the study sample size.
1
1. Test
PROK‐1 (glandular).
2
2. Test
depolarised α‐6 integrin (glandular).
3
3. Test
α3β1 integrin (glandular).
4
4. Test
α3β1 integrin (stroma).
5
5. Test
α4β1 integrin (glandular).
6
6. Test
α4β1 integrin (stroma).
7
7. Test
β1 integrin (glandular).
8
8. Test
β1 integrin (stroma).
9
9. Test
hTERT mRNA.
10
10. Test
Endometrial proteome.
11
11. Test
Mitochondrial proteome.
12
12. Test
CYP19.
13
13. Test
17βHSD2 mRNA.
14
14. Test
ER‐α (glandular).
15
15. Test
ER‐α (stroma).
16
16. Test
ER‐β (glandular).
17
17. Test
ER‐β (stroma).
18
18. Test
IL‐1R2 mRNA (glandular).
19
19. Test
IL‐1R2 mRNA (stroma).
20
20. Test
IL‐1R2 mRNA (glandular secretory).
21
21. Test
IL‐1R2 mRNA (stroma secretory).
22
22. Test
Caldesmon (proliferative).
23
23. Test
Caldesmon (secretory).
24
24. Test
CALD1 mRNA (proliferative).
25
25. Test
CALD1 mRNA (secretory).
26
26. Test
PGP 9.5.
27
27. Test
VIP.
28
28. Test
CGRP.
29
29. Test
SP.
30
30. Test
NPY.
31
31. Test
NF.
32
32. Test
Combined test (VIP, PGP 9.5, SP).
33
33. Test
CA 125 (menstrual fluid).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

References to studies included in this review

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Chen 2004 {published data only}
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Chen 2013 {published data only}
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Da Silva 2014 {published data only}
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Elgafor el Sharkwy 2013 {published data only}
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Gilabert‐Estelles 2007 {published data only}
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Kim 2007 {published data only}
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Lawson 2008 {published data only}
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    1. Zeng F, Xuem I, Zevallos HBV, Lai D, Arthur J, et al. Diagnostic value of the detection of aromatase cytochrome P450 and Ca 125 for endometriosis. Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao (Yixue Ban) [Journal of Central South University (Medical Sciences)] 2005;30(6):682‐85. Chinese. - PubMed
Zubor 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zubor P, Hatok J, Galo S, Dokus K, Klobusiakova D, Danko J, et al. Anti‐apoptotic and pro‐apoptotic gene expression evaluated from eutopic endometrium in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle among women with endometriosis and healthy controls. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2009;145(2):172‐6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abae 1992 {published data only}
    1. Abae M, Gibson M, Chapitis J, Riddick DH, Brumsted JR. Ca125 in human uterine fluid. Fertility and Sterility 1992;57(3):531‐4. - PubMed
Absenger 2004 {published data only}
    1. Absenger Y, Hess‐Stumpp H, Kreft B, Kratzschmar J, Haendler B, Schutze N, et al. Cyr61, a deregulated gene in endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction 2004;10(6):399‐407. - PubMed
Abu Musa 1992 {published data only}
    1. Abu‐Masa A, Takahashi K, Nagata H, Yamasaki H, Mizoguchi S, Kitao M. Ca125 in menstrual discharge in patients with chronic pelvic pain. International Journal Gynecology and Obstetrics 1992;37(2):111‐4. - PubMed
Acien 2007 {published data only}
    1. Acien P, Velasco I, Gutierrez M, Martinez‐Beltran M. Aromatase expression in endometriotic tissues and its relationship to clinical and analytical findings. Fertility and Sterility 2007;88(1):32‐8. - PubMed
Adamyan 1993 {published data only}
    1. Adamyan LV, Fanchenko ND, Alexeyeva ML, Andreyeva YeN, Novikov YeA, Jahan I. Hormonal and immunologic methods in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with benign ovarian tumors and endometriotic cysts. International Journal of Fertility 1993;38(2):92‐8. - PubMed
Aghajanova 2009a {published data only}
    1. Aghajanova L, Hamilton A, Kwintkiewicz J, Vo KC, Giudice LC. Steroidogenic enzyme and key decidualization marker dysregulation in endometrial stromal cells from women with versus without endometriosis. Biology of Reproduction 2009;80(1):105‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Aghajanova 2009b {published data only}
    1. Aghajanova L, Velarde MC, Giudice LC. The progesterone receptor coactivator Hic‐5 is involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Endocrinology 2009;150(8):3863‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Aghajanova 2011 {published data only}
    1. Aghajanova L, Tatsumi K, Horcajadas JA, Zamah AM, Esteban FJ, Herndon CN, et al. Unique transcriptome, pathways, and networks in the human endometrial fibroblast response to progesterone in endometriosis. Biology of Reproduction 2011;84(4):801‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Agic 2007 {published data only}
    1. Agic A, Xu H, Altgassen C, Noack F, Wolfler MM, Diedrich K, et al. Relative expression of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor, vitamin D 1 alpha‐hydroxylase, vitamin D 24‐hydroxylase, and vitamin D 25‐hydroxylase in endometriosis and gynecologic cancers. Reproductive Sciences 2007;14(15):486‐97. - PubMed
Akoum 1999 {published data only}
    1. Akoum A, Lemay A, Lajeunesse Y, Marois M, Koutsilieris M. Immunohistochemical localization of insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐3 in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues. Fertility and Sterility 1999;72(6):1085‐92. - PubMed
Akoum 2001 {published data only}
    1. Akoum A, Jolicoeur C, Kharfi A, Aube M. Decreased expression of the decoy interleukin‐1 receptor type II in human endometriosis. American Journal of Pathology 2001;158(2):481‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Akoum 2006 {published data only}
    1. Akoum A, Metz CN, Al‐Akoum M, Kats R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression in the intrauterine endometrium of women with endometriosis varies with disease stage, infertility status, and pelvic pain. Fertility and Sterility 2006;85(5):1379‐85. - PubMed
Akoum 2007 {published data only}
    1. Akoum A, Lawson C, Herrmann‐Lavoie C, Maheux R. Imbalance in the expression of the activating type I and the inhibitory type II interleukin 1 receptors in endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2007;22(5):1464‐73. - PubMed
Alizadeh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Alizadeh Z, Shokrzadeh N, Saidijam M, Sanoee MF. Semi‐quantitative analysis of HOXA11, leukemia inhibitory factor and basic transcriptional element binding protein 1 mRNA expression in the mid‐secretory endometrium of patients with endometriosis. Iranian Biomedical Journal 2011;15(3):66‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Ametzazurra 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ametzazurra A, Matorras R, Garcia‐Velasco JA, Prieto B, Simon L, Martinez A, et al. Endometrial fluid is a specific and non‐invasive biological sample for protein biomarker identification in endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2009;24(4):954‐65. - PubMed
Andersson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Andersson KL, Bussani C, Fambrini M, Polverino V, Taddei GL, Gemzell‐Danielsson K, et al. DNA methylation of HOXA10 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Human Reproduction 2014;29(9):1906‐11. - PubMed
Anger 2007 {published data only}
    1. Anger DL, Zhang B, Boutross‐Tadross O, Foster WG. Tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) protein expression in the human endometrium. Endocrine 2007;31(2):167‐73. - PubMed
Antsiferova 2005 {published data only}
    1. Antsiferova YS, Sotnikova NY, Posiseeva LV, Shor AL. Changes in the T‐helper cytokine profile and in lymphocyte activation at the systemic and local levels in women with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2005;84(6):1705‐11. - PubMed
Badawy 1984 {published data only}
    1. Badawy SZ, Cuenca V, Stitzel A, Jacobs RD, Tomar RH. Autoimmune phenomena in infertile patients with endometriosis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1984;63(3):271‐5. - PubMed
Baka 2011 {published data only}
    1. Baka S, Frangou‐Plemenou M, Panagiotopoulou E, Makrakis E, Kaltsakas G, Hassiakos D, et al. The expression of human leukocyte antigens class I and II in women with endometriosis or adenomyosis. Gynecological Endocrinology 2011;27(6):419‐24. - PubMed
Balasch 1985 {published data only}
    1. Balasch J, Vanrell JA. Mild endometriosis and luteal function. International Journal of Fertility 1985;30(3):4‐6. - PubMed
Ballester 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ballester M, Gonin J, Rodenas A, Bernaudin JF, Rouzier R, Coutant C, et al. Eutopic endometrium and peritoneal, ovarian and colorectal endometriotic tissues express a different profile of Nectin‐1,‐3,‐4 and nectin‐like molecule 2. Human Reproduction 2012;27(11):3179‐86. - PubMed
Barrier 2006 {published data only}
    1. Barrier BF, Kendall BS, Ryan CE, Sharpe‐Timms KL. HLA‐G is expressed by the glandular epithelium of peritoneal endometriosis but not in eutopic endometrium. Human Reproduction 2006;21(4):864‐9. - PubMed
Bartosik 1987 {published data only}
    1. Bartosik D, Damjanov I, Viscarello RR, Riley JA. Immunoproteins in the endometrium: clinical correlates of the presence of complement fractions C3 and C4. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1987;156(1):11‐5. - PubMed
Bellehumeur 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bellehumeur C, Collette T, Maheux R, Mailloux J, Villeneuve M, Akoum A. Increased soluble interleukin‐1 receptor type II proteolysis in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2005;20(5):1177‐84. - PubMed
Bellelis 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bellelis P, Barbeiro DF, Rizzo LV, Baracat EC, Abrao MS, Podgaec S. Transcriptional changes in the expression of chemokines related to natural killer and T‐regulatory cells in patients with deep infiltrative endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2013;99(7):1987‐93. - PubMed
Berbic 2009 {published data only}
    1. Berbic M, Schulke L, Markham R, Tokushige N, Russell P, Fraser IS. Macrophage expression in endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2009;24(2):325‐32. - PubMed
Berbic 2010 {published data only}
    1. Berbic M, Hey‐Cunningham AJ, Ng C, Tokushige N, Ganewatta S, Markham R, et al. The role of Foxp3+ regulatory T‐cells in endometriosis: a potential controlling mechanism for a complex, chronic immunological condition. Human Reproduction 2010;25(4):900‐7. - PubMed
Bergqvist 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bergqvist A, Bruse C, Carlberg M, Carlstrom K. Interleukin 1‐B, interleukin 6, and tumour necrosis factor‐a in endometriotic tissue and endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 2001;75(3):489‐95. - PubMed
Bohler 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bohler HC, Gercel‐Taylor C, Lessey BA, Taylor DD. Endometriosis markers: immunologic alterations as diagnostic indicators for endometriosis. Reproductive Sciences 2007;14(6):595‐604. - PubMed
Braun 2002 {published data only}
    1. Braun DP, Ding J, Shen J, Rana N, Fernandez BB, Dmowski WP. Relationship between apoptosis and the number of macrophages in eutopic endometrium from women with and without endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2002;78(4):830‐5. - PubMed
Braun 2007 {published data only}
    1. Braun DP, Ding J, Shaheen F, Willey JC, Rana N, Dmowski WP. Quantitative expression of apoptosis‐regulating genes in endometrium from women with and without endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2007;87(2):263‐8. - PubMed
Browne 2012 {published data only}
    1. Browne AS, Yu J, Huang RP, Francisco AM, Sidell N, Taylor RN. Proteomic identification of neurotrophins in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2012;98(3):713‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Budrys 2012 {published data only}
    1. Budrys NM, Nair HB, Liu YG, Kirma NB, Binkley PA, Kumar S, et al. Increased expression of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and its receptor in patients with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2012;97(5):1129‐35.e1. - PMC - PubMed
Bukulmez 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bukulmez O, Hardy DB, Carr BR, Word RA, Mendelson CR. Inflammatory status influences aromatase and steroid receptor expression in endometriosis. Endocrinology 2008;149(3):1190‐204. - PMC - PubMed
Bulmer 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bulmer JN, Jone RK, Searle RF. Intraepithelial leukocytes in endometriosis and adenomyosis:comparison of eutopic and ectopic endometrium with normal endometrium. Human Reproduction 1998;13(10):2910‐5. - PubMed
Burlev 2005 {published data only}
    1. Burlev VA, Il'yasova NA, Dubinskaya ED. Proliferative activity of microvessels and angiogenesis in eutopic endometrium in patients with peritoneal endometriosis. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2005;139(6):727‐31. - PubMed
Burlev 2006 {published data only}
    1. Burlev VA, Pavlovich SV, Il’yasova NA. Apoptosis and proliferative activity in endometrium during peritoneal endometriosis. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2006;141(2):204‐7. - PubMed
Burney 2009 {published data only}
    1. Burney RO, Hamilton AE, Aghajanova L, Vo KC, Nezhat CN, Lessey BA, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling of eutopic secretory endometrium in women with versus without endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction 2009;15(10):625‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Calcagno 2011 {published data only}
    1. Calcagno A, Grassi T, Mariuzzi L, Marzinotto S, Londero AP, Orsaria M, et al. Expression patterns of Aurora A and B kinases, Ki‐67 and the estrogen and progesterone receptors determined using an endometriosis tissue microarray model. Human Reproduction 2011;26(10):2731‐41. - PubMed
Carneiro 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carneiro MM, Morsch DM, Camargos AF, Spritzer PM, Reis FM. Expression of 17beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in pelvic endometriosis. Gynecological Endocrinology 2007;23(4):188‐92. - PubMed
Carneiro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Carneiro MM, Morsch DM, Camargos AF, Reis FM, Spritzer PM. Androgen receptor and 5alpha‐reductase are expressed in pelvic endometriosis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008;115(1):113‐7. - PubMed
Carvalho 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carvalho LF, Abrao MS, Biscotti C, Sharma R, Nutter B, Falcone T. Oxidative cell injury as a predictor of endometriosis progression. Reproductive Sciences 2013;20(6):688‐98. - PubMed
Chand 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chand AL, Murray AS, Jones RL, Hannan NJ, Salamonsen LA, Rombauts L. Laser capture microdissection and cDNA array analysis of endometrium identify CCL16 and CCL21 as epithelial‐derived inflammatory mediators associated with endometriosis. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2007;5:18. - PMC - PubMed
Chang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chang KK, Liu LB, Jin LP, Meng YH, Shao J, Wang Y, et al. NME1 suppression of endometrial stromal cells promotes angiogenesis in the endometriotic milieu via stimulating the secretion of IL‐8 and VEGF. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2013;6(10):2030‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Chegini 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chegini N, Roberts M, Ripps B. Differential expression of interleukins (IL)‐13 and IL‐15 in ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and normal fertile women. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2003;49(2):75‐83. - PubMed
Chehna‐Patel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chehna‐Patel N, Sachdeva G, Gajbhiye R, Warty N, Khole V. "Spot"‐ting differences between the ectopic and eutopic endometrium of endometriosis patients. Fertility and Sterility 2010;94(6):1964‐1971.e1. - PubMed
Chen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Luo R. Expression and significance of HGF, c‐Met and MMP‐2 in the eutopic endometrium of endometriosis. Wuhan Yike Daxue Xuebao [Medical Journal of Wuhan University] 2006;27(1):54‐6. Chinese.
Chen 2012a {published data only}
    1. Chen P, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Ren F, Li T, Zhang C, et al. Expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokine‐associated transcription factors, T‐bet and GATA‐3, in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Acta Histochemica 2012;114(8):779‐84. - PubMed
Chen 2012b {published data only}
    1. Chen Q, Zhang CY, Chen YH, Lou J, Wang DB. Identification of endometriosis‐related genes by representational difference analysis of cDNA. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2012;52(2):140‐5. - PubMed
Chen 2012c {published data only}
    1. Chen SF, Zhang J, Huang CX, Lu W, Liang Y, Wan XP. Expression of the T regulatory cell transcription factor FoxP3 in peri‐implantation phase endometrium in infertile women with endometriosis. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2012;10:37. - PMC - PubMed
Cho 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cho S, Ahn YS, Choi YS, Seo SK, Nam A, Kim HY, et al. Endometrial osteopontin mRNA expression and plasma osteopontin levels are increased in patients with endometriosis. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2009;61(4):286‐93. - PubMed
Cho 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cho S, Park SH, Choi YS, Seo SK, Kim HY, Park KH, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in eutopic endometrium and ovarian endometriotic tissue in women with severe endometriosis. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2010;69(2):93‐100. - PubMed
Chung 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chung HW, Wen Y, Chun SH, Nezhat C, Woo BH, Lake Polan M. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐3 mRNA expression in ectopic and eutopic endometrium in women with endometriosis: a rationale for endometriotic invasiveness. Fertility and Sterility 2001;75(1):152‐9. - PubMed
Chung 2002a {published data only}
    1. Chung HW, Wen Y, Choi EA, Hao‐Li, Moon HS, Yu HK, et al. Pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK) mRNA expression in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in advanced stage endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction 2002;8(4):350‐5. - PubMed
Chung 2002b {published data only}
    1. Chung HW, Lee JY, Moon HS, Hur SE, Park MH, Wen Y, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase‐2, membranous type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 expression in ectopic and eutopic endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 2002;78(4):787‐95. - PubMed
Colette 2004 {published data only}
    1. Collette T, Bellehumeur C, Kats R, Maheux R, Mailloux J, Villeneuve M, et al. Evidence for an increased release of proteolytic activity by the eutopic endometrial tissue in women with endometriosis and for involvement of matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Human Reproduction 2004;19(6):1257‐64. - PubMed
Colette 2006 {published data only}
    1. Collette T, Maheux R, Mailloux J, Akoum A. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in the eutopic endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2006;21(12):3059‐67. - PubMed
Cosin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cosin R, Gilabert‐Estelles J, Ramon LA, Espana F, Gilabert J, Romeu A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms (‐460C/T, +405G/C, and 936C/T) and endometriosis: their influence on vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Fertility and Sterility 2009;92(4):1214‐20. - PubMed
Cunha‐Filho 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cunha‐Filho JS, Gross JL, Lemos NA, Brandelli A, Castillos M, Passos EP. Hyperprolactinemia and luteal insufficiency in infertile patients with mild and minimal endometriosis. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2001;33(4):216‐20. - PubMed
D'Amico 2013 {published data only}
    1. D'Amico F, Skarmoutsou E, Quaderno G, Malaponte G, Corte C, Scibilia G, et al. Expression and localisation of osteopontin and prominin‐1 (CD133) in patients with endometriosis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2013;31(5):1011‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Daftary 2004 {published data only}
    1. Daftary GS, Taylor HS. EMX2 gene expression in the female reproductive tract and aberrant expression in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004;89(5):2390‐6. - PubMed
Dai 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dai L, Gu L, Di W. MiR‐199a attenuates endometrial stromal cell invasiveness through suppression of the IKKbeta/nf‐b pathway and reduced interleukin‐8 expression. Molecular Human Reproduction 2012;18(3):136‐45. - PMC - PubMed
Debrock 2004 {published data only}
    1. Debrock S, Hill JA, D' Hooghe TM. Quantitative assessment of endometrial‐peritoneal interaction in vitro:a non invasive diagnostic test for women with endometriosis. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2004;57(1):49‐51. - PubMed
De Graaff 2012 {published data only}
    1. Graaff AA, Delvoux B, Vijver KK, Kyama CM, Dhooghe TM, Dunselman GAJ, et al. Paired‐box gene 2 is down‐regulated in endometriosis and correlates with low epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Human Reproduction 2012;27(6):1676‐84. - PubMed
Delbandi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Delbandi AA, Mahmoudi M, Shervin A, Akbari E, Jeddi‐Tehrani M, Sankian M, et al. Eutopic and ectopic stromal cells from patients with endometriosis exhibit differential invasive, adhesive, and proliferative behavior. Fertility and Sterility 2013;100(3):761‐9. - PubMed
Delvoux 2009 {published data only}
    1. Delvoux B, Groothuis P, D'Hooghe T, Kyama C, Dunselman G, Romano A. Increased production of 17β‐estradiol in endometriosis lesions is the result of impaired metabolism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;94(3):876‐83. - PubMed
Dharmaraj 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dharmaraj N, Chapela PJ, Morgado M, Hawkins SM, Lessey BA, Young SL, et al. Expression of the transmembrane mucins, MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16, in normal endometrium and in endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2014;29(8):1730‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Di Carlo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Carlo C, Bonifacio M, Tommaselli GA, Bifulco G, Guerra G, Nappi C. Metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin 1 and 2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 2009;91(6):2315‐23. - PubMed
Dimitriadis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dimitriadis E, Stoikos C, Stafford‐Bell M, Clark I, Paiva P, Kovacs G, et al. Interleukin‐11, IL‐11 receptor‐alpha and leukemia inhibitory factor are dysregulated in endometrium of infertile women with endometriosis during the implantation window. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2006;69(1):53‐64. - PubMed
Dmowski 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dmowski WP, Ding J, Shen J, Rana N, Fernandez BB, Braun DP. Apoptosis in endometrial glandular and stromal cells in women with and without endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2001;16(9):1802‐8. - PubMed
Donnez 1998 {published data only}
    1. Donnez J, Smoes P, Gillerot S, Casanas‐Roux F, Nisolle M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endometriosis. Human Reproduction 1998;13(6):1686‐90. - PubMed
Donnez 2013 {published data only}
    1. Donnez O, Soares M, Defrere S, Kerk O, Langendonckt A, Donnez J, et al. Nerve fibers are absent in disease‐free and eutopic endometrium, but present in endometriotic (especially deep) lesions. Journal of Endometriosis 2013;5(2):68‐76.
Ejskjaer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ejskjaer K, Sorensen BS, Poulsen SS, Mogensen O, Forman A, Nexo E. Expression of the epidermal growth factor system in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis differs from that in endometrium from healthy women. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2009;67(2):118‐26. - PubMed
Fang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Fang XL, Xia XM, Lin QH. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the peritoneal fluid and eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis. Hunan Yike Daxue Xuebao [Bulletin of Hunan Medical University] 2003;28(3):288‐90. Chinese. - PubMed
Fasciani 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fasciani A, Quilici P, Biscaldi E, Flamini M, Fioravanti A, Orlandi P, et al. Overexpression and functional relevance of somatostatin receptor‐1,‐2, and‐5 in endometrium and endometriotic lesions. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(12):5315‐9. - PubMed
Fazleabas 1987 {published data only}
    1. Fazleabas A, Khan‐Dawood F, Dawood M. Protein, progesterone, and protease inhibitors in uterine and peritoneal fluids of women with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 1987;47(2):218‐24. - PubMed
Fedele 1988 {published data only}
    1. Fedele L, Vercellini P, Arcaini P, Grazia da Dalt M, Candiani GB. CA 125 in serum, peritoneal fluid, active lesions, and endometrium of patients with endometriosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;158(1):166‐9. - PubMed
Fernandez‐Shaw 1995a {published data only}
    1. Fernandez‐Shaw S, Clarke MT, Hicks B, Naish CE, Barlow DH, Starkey PM. Bone marrow‐derived cell populations in uterine and ectopic endometrium. Human Reproduction 1995;10(9):2285‐9. - PubMed
Fernandez‐Shaw 1995b {published data only}
    1. Fernandez‐Shaw S, Marshall JM, Hicks B, Barlow DH, Starkey PM. Plasminogen activators in ectopic and uterine endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 1995;63(1):45‐51. - PubMed
Ferriani 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ferriani RA, Charnock‐Jones DS, Prentice A, Thomas EJ, Smith SK. Immunohistochemical localization of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in normal human endometrium and endometriosis and the detection of their mRNA by polymerase chain reaction. Human Reproduction 1993;8(1):11‐6. - PubMed
Finas 2008 {published data only}
    1. Finas D, Huszar M, Agic A, Dogan S, Kiefel H, Riedle S, et al. L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) as a pathogenetic factor in endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2008;23(5):1053‐62. - PubMed
Fowler 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fowler PA, Tattum J, Bhattacharya S, Klonisch T, Hombach‐Klonisch S, Gazvani R, et al. An investigation of the effects of endometriosis on the proteome of human eutopic endometrium: a heterogeneous tissue with a complex disease. Proteomics 2007;7(1):130‐42. - PubMed
Fujino 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fujino K, Ueda M, Takehara M, Futakuchi H, Kanda K, Yamashita Y, et al. Transcriptional expression of survivin and its splice variants in endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction 2006;12(6):383‐8. - PubMed
Fukaya 1999 {published data only}
    1. Fukaya T, Sugawara J, Yoshida H, Murakami T, Yajima A. Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and hepatocyte growth factor in human endometriosis: original investigation and a review of literature. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1999;47 Suppl 1:11‐6. - PubMed
Gaetje 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gaetje R, Rody A, Kissler S, Kaufmann M, Ahr A. Integrin expression in eutopic and ectopic endometrium [Integrinexpression im eutopen und ektopen endometrium von endometriosepatientinnen]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 2006;128(3):135‐7. - PubMed
Gaetje 2007a {published data only}
    1. Gaetje R, Holtrich U, Engels K, Kourtis K, Cikrit E, Kissler S, et al. Expression of membrane‐type 5 matrix metalloproteinase in human endometrium and endometriosis. Gynecological Endocrinology 2007;23(10):567‐73. - PubMed
Gaetje 2007b {published data only}
    1. Gaetje R, Holtrich U, Karn T, Cikrit E, Engels K, Rody A, Kaufmann M. Characterization of WNT7A expression in human endometrium and endometriotic lesions. Fertility and Sterility 2007;88(6):1534‐40. - PubMed
Gagné 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gagné D, Rivard M, Pagé M, Lépine M, Platon C, Shazand K, et al. Development of a nonsurgical diagnostic tool for endometriosis based on the detection of endometrial leukocyte subsets and serum CA‐125 levels. Fertility and Sterility 2003;80(4):876‐85. - PubMed
Gebel 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gebel HM, Braun DP, Tambur A, Frame D, Rana N, Dmowski WP. Spontaneous apoptosis of endometrial tissue is impaired in women with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 1998;69(6):1042‐7. - PubMed
Giannelli 2007 {published data only}
    1. Giannelli G, Sgarra C, Naro E, Lavopa C, Angelotti U, Tartagni M, et al. Endometriosis is characterized by an impaired localization of laminin‐5 and alpha3beta1 integrin receptor. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 2007;17(1):242‐7. - PubMed
Gonzalez Ramos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez‐Ramos R, Rocco J, Rojas C, Sovino H, Poch A, Kohen P, et al. Physiologic activation of nuclear factor kappa‐B in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle is altered in endometriosis patients. Fertility and Sterility 2012;97(3):645‐51. - PubMed
Gori 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gori I, Rodriguez Y, Pellegrini C, Achtari C, Hornung D, Chardonnens E, et al. Augmented epithelial multidrug resistance‐associated protein 4 expression in peritoneal endometriosis: regulation by lipoxin A(4). Fertility and Sterility 2013;99(7):1965‐73. - PubMed
Guay 2011 {published data only}
    1. Guay S, Michaud N, Bourcier N, Leboeuf M, Lemyre M, Mailloux J, et al. Distinct expression of the soluble and the membrane‐bound forms of interleukin‐1 receptor accessory protein in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2011;95(4):1284‐90. - PubMed
Guo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guo Y, Chen Y, Liu LB, Chang KK, Li H, Li MQ, et al. IL‐22 in the endometriotic milieu promotes the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells via stimulating the secretion of CCL2 and IL‐8. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2013;6(10):2011‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Hapangama 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hapangama DK, Turner MA, Drury JA, Quenby S, Saretzki G, Martin‐Ruiz C, et al. Endometriosis is associated with aberrant endometrial expression of telomerase and increased telomere length. Human Reproduction 2008;23(7):1511‐9. - PubMed
Hapangama 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hapangama DK, Turner MA, Drury JA, Quenby S, Hart A, Maddick M, et al. Sustained replication in endometrium of women with endometriosis occurs without evoking a DNA damage response. Human Reproduction 2009;24(3):687‐96. - PubMed
Hapangama 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hapangama DK, Raju RS, Valentijn AJ, Barraclough D, Hart A, Turner MA, et al. Aberrant expression of metastasis‐inducing proteins in ectopic and matched eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis: implications for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2012;27(2):394‐407. - PubMed
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Hawkins 2011 {published data only}
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Hey‐Cunningham 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hey‐Cunningham AJ, Markham R, Fraser IS, Berbic M. Dysregulation of vascular endothelial growth factors and their neuropilin receptors in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Reproductive Sciences 2013;20(11):1382‐9. - PubMed
Hii 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hii LLP, Rogers PAW. Endometrial vascular and glandular expression. Human Reproduction 1998;13(4):1030‐5. - PubMed
Hsu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hsu CY, Hsieh TH, Tsai CF, Tsai HP, Chen HS, Chang Y, et al. miRNA‐199a‐5p regulates VEGFA in endometrial mesenchymal stem cells and contributes to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Journal of Pathology 2014;232(3):330‐43. - PubMed
Huang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Huang X, Chen L, Fu G, Xu H, Zhang X. Decreased expression of pigment epithelium‐derived factor and increased microvascular density in ovarian endometriotic lesions in women with endometriosis. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2012;165(1):104‐9. - PubMed
Huang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huang F, Wang H, Zou Y, Liu Q, Cao J, Yin T. Effect of GnRH‐II on the ESC proliferation, apoptosis and VEGF secretion in patients with endometriosis in vitro. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2013;6(11):2487‐96. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Hudelist G, Keckstein J, Czerwenka K, Lass H, Walter I, Auer M, Wieser F, Wenzl R, Kubista E, Singer CF. Estrogen receptor beta and matrix metalloproteinase 1 are coexpressed in uterine endometrium and endometriotic lesions of patients with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2005;84 Suppl 2:1249‐56. - PubMed
Hudelist 2005b {published data only}
    1. Hudelist G, Lass H, Keckstein J, Walter I, Wieser F, Wenzl R, et al. Interleukin 1alpha and tissue‐lytic matrix metalloproteinase‐1 are elevated in ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2005;20(6):1695‐701. - PubMed
Hudelist 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hudelist G, Huber A, Knoefler M, Haider S, Kolbus A, Czerwenka K, Helmy S, Kubista E, Singer CF. beta‐HCG/LH receptor (beta‐HCG/LH‐R) expression in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic implants: evidence for beta‐HCG sensitivity of endometriosis. Reproductive Sciences 2008;15(6):543‐51. - PubMed
Hur 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hur SE, Lee JY, Moon H‐S, Chung HW. Angiopoietin‐1, angiopoietin‐2 and Tie‐2 expression in eutopic endometrium in advanced endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction 2006;12(7):421‐6. - PubMed
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    1. Hurst BS, Shimp KE, Elliot M, Marshburn PB, Parsons J, Bahrani‐Mostafavi Z. Molecular evaluation of proliferative‐phase endometrium may provide insight about the underlying causes of infertility in women with endometriosis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2014;289(5):1119‐24. - PubMed
Hwang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hwang JW, Oh JJ, Wang T, Jin YC, Lee JS, Choi JR, et al. Identification of biomarkers for endometriosis in eutopic endometrial cells from patients with endoemtriosis using a proteomics approach. Molecular Medicine Reports 2013;8(1):183‐8. - PubMed
Igarashi 2005 {published data only}
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Isaacson 1990 {published data only}
    1. Isaacson KB, Galman M, Coutifaris C, Lyttle CR. Endometrial synthesis and secretion of complement component‐3 by patients with and without endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 1990;53(5):836‐41. - PubMed
Jana 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jana SK, Banerjee P, Mukherjee R, Chakravarty B, Chaudhury K. HOXA‐11 mediated dysregulation of matrix remodeling during implantation window in women with endometriosis. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2013;30(11):1505‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Johnson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Johnson MC, Torres M, Alves A, Bacallao K, Fuentes A, Vega M, et al. Augmented cell survival in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis: Expression of c‐myc, TGF‐beta1 and bax genes. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2005;3:45. - PMC - PubMed
Jolicoeur 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jolicoeur C, Boutouil M, Drouin R, Paradis I, Lemay A, Akoum A. Increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. American Journal of Pathology 1998;152(1):125‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 1995 {published data only}
    1. Jones RK, Bulmer JN, Searle RF. Immunohistochemical characterization of proliferation, oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression in endometriosis: comparison of eutopic and ectopic endometrium with normal cycling endometrium. Human Reproduction 1995;10(12):3272‐9. - PubMed
Jones 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jones RK, Bulmer JN, Searle RF. Immunohistochemical characterization of stromal leukocytes in ovarian endometriosis: comparison of eutopic and ectopic endometrium with normal endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 1996;66(1):81‐9. - PubMed
Jones 1998 {published data only}
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Jones 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jones CJP, Inuwa IM, Nardo LG, Litta P, Fazleabas AT. Eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis shows altered ultrastructure and glycosylation compared to that from healthy controls‐a pilot observational study. Reproductive Sciences 2009;16(6):559‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Juhasz‐Boss 2011 {published data only}
    1. Juhasz‐Boss I, Fischer C, Lattrich C, Skrzypczak M, Malik E, Ortmann O, et al. Endometrial expression of estrogen receptor and its splice variants in patients with and without endometriosis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;284(4):885‐91. - PubMed
Jurgensen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jurgensen A, Mettler L, Volkov NI, Parwaresch R. Proliferative activity of the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle in infertile women with and without endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 1996;66(3):369‐75. - PubMed
Kao 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kao LC, Germeyer A, Tulac S, Lobo S, Yang JP, Taylor RN, et al. Expression profiling of endometrium from women with endometriosis reveals candidate genes for disease‐based implantation failure and infertility. Endocrinology 2003;144(7):2870‐81. - PubMed
Karalok 2014 {published data only}
    1. Karalok HM, Aydin E, Saglam O, Torun A, Guzeloglu‐Kayisli O, Lalioti MD, et al. MRNA‐binding protein TIA‐1 reduces cytokine expression in human endometrial stromal cells and is down‐regulated in ectopic endometrium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014;99(12):E2610‐E9. - PMC - PubMed
Khan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Khan KN, Masuzaki H, Fujishita A, Kitajima M, Sekine I, Ishimaru T. Immunoexpression of hepatocyte growth factor and c‐Met receptor in the eutopic endometrium predicts the activity of ectopic endometrium. Fertility and Sterility 2003;79(1):173‐81. - PubMed
Khan 2005a {published data only}
    1. Khan KN, Masuzaki H, Fujishita A, Kitajima M, Hiraki K, Sekine I, et al. Interleukin‐6‐ and tumour necrosis factor alpha‐mediated expression of hepatocyte growth factor by stromal cells and its involvement in the growth of endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2005;20(10):2715‐23. - PubMed
Khan 2005b {published data only}
    1. Khan KN, Masuzaki H, Fujishita A, Kitajima M, Sekine I, Matsuyama T, et al. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in macrophages and regulation of hepatocyte growth factor by ovarian steroids in women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2005;20(7):2004‐13. - PubMed
Khan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Khan KN, Kitajima M, Hiraki K, Yamaguchi N, Katamine S, Matsuyama T, et al. Escherichia coli contamination of menstrual blood and effect of bacterial endotoxin on endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 2010;94(7):2860‐3. - PubMed
Khan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Khan KN, Kitajima M, Yamaguchi N, Fujishita A, Nakashima M, Ishimaru T, et al. Role of prostaglandin E2 in bacterial growth in women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2012;27(12):3417‐24. - PubMed
Khan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Khan KN, Kitajima M, Inoue T, Tateishi S, Fujishita A, Nakashima M, et al. Additive effects of inflammation and stress reaction on Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated growth of endometriotic stromal cells. Human Reproduction 2013;28(10):2794‐803. - PubMed
Kharfi 2001 {published data only}
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Kharfi 2002 {published data only}
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Khorram 2002 {published data only}
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Kim 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kim SH, Lee HW, Kim YH, Koo YH, Chae HD, Kim CH, et al. Down‐regulation of p21‐activated kinase 1 by progestin and its increased expression in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2009;24(5):1133‐41. - PubMed
Kim 2013a {published data only}
    1. Kim KH, Park JK, Choi YW, Kim YH, Lee EN, Lee JR, et al. Hexane extract of aged black garlic reduces cell proliferation and attenuates the expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM1 in TNF‐‐activated human endometrial stromal cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2013;32(1):67‐78. - PubMed
Kim 2013b {published data only}
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Kim 2013c {published data only}
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Kitawaki 2000b {published data only}
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Klemmt 2006 {published data only}
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Kobayashi 2012 {published data only}
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Koshiba 2005 {published data only}
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Kreiner 1986 {published data only}
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Kyama 2008 {published data only}
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Laudanski 2009 {published data only}
    1. Laudanski P, Szamatowicz J, Kowalczuk O, Kuźmicki M, Grabowicz M, Chyczewski L. Expression of selected tumor suppressor and oncogenes in endometrium of women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 2009;24(8):1880‐90. - PubMed
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Laudanski 2013b {published data only}
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Lebovic 2002 {published data only}
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Lee 2011 {published data only}
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Lee 2014 {published data only}
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Leiva 1994 {published data only}
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Lessey 1989 {published data only}
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Lessey 1993 {published data only}
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Li 2008 {published data only}
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Li 2010 {published data only}
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Li 2011 {published data only}
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Li 2012a {published data only}
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Li 2012b {published data only}
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Lima‐Couy 2004 {published data only}
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Lin 2005 {published data only}
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Lin 2010 {published data only}
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Liu 2002 {published data only}
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Liu 2005a {published data only}
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Locci 2013 {published data only}
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Lo Vasco 2012 {published data only}
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Luk 2005 {published data only}
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Luk 2010 {published data only}
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Luo 2006a {published data only}
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Luo 2006b {published data only}
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Makri 2012 {published data only}
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Malik 2006 {published data only}
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Mathur 1990 {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2004a {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2004b {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2005a {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2005b {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2006b {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2009 {published data only}
    1. Matsuzaki S, Canis M, Darcha C, Pouly JL, Mage G. HOXA‐10 expression in the mid‐secretory endometrium of infertile patients with either endometriosis, uterine fibromas or unexplained infertility. Human Reproduction 2009;24(12):3180‐7. - PubMed
Matsuzaki 2010a {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2010b {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2012 {published data only}
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Matsuzaki 2013 {published data only}
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Meresman 2002 {published data only}
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Mikolajczyk 2007 {published data only}
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Rombauts 2006 {published data only}
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Saracoglu 1985 {published data only}
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Schulke 2009 {published data only}
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Seo 2010b {published data only}
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Sharpe‐Timms 1994 {published data only}
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Sharpe Timms 2000 {published data only}
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Stephens 2010 {published data only}
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Szczepanska 2007 {published data only}
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Takahashi 1988b {published data only}
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Tshishi 2010 {published data only}
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Ulukus 2005 {published data only}
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Velasco 2006 {published data only}
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