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. 2016 Mar 30;14(2):1559325816636130.
doi: 10.1177/1559325816636130. eCollection 2016 Apr-Jun.

Hormetic Effect of H2O2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Involvement of TOR and Glutathione Reductase

Halyna M Semchyshyn  1 , Bohdana V Valishkevych  1
Affiliations

Hormetic Effect of H2O2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Involvement of TOR and Glutathione Reductase

Halyna M Semchyshyn et al. Dose Response. .

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the relationship between target of rapamycin (TOR) and H2O2-induced hormetic response in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on glucose or fructose. In general, our data suggest that: (1) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induces hormesis in a TOR-dependent manner; (2) the H2O2-induced hormetic dose-response in yeast depends on the type of carbohydrate in growth medium; (3) the concentration-dependent effect of H2O2 on yeast colony growth positively correlates with the activity of glutathione reductase that suggests the enzyme involvement in the H2O2-induced hormetic response; and (4) both TOR1 and TOR2 are involved in the reciprocal regulation of the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyoxalase 1.

Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; TOR1; TOR2; glutathione reductase; hormesis; hydrogen peroxide; monosaccharides.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on reproductive ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae JK9-3da wild type (A) and its mutants defective in target of rapamycin (TOR): TOR1 (B), TOR 2 (C), and TOR1 TOR2 (D). Results are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM; n = 4-8).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
The activity of glutathione reductase in wild-type and target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae incubated with hydrogen peroxide. Results are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean ( SEM; n = 3-6). Significantly different from respective values wtfor wild type with P < .05, Gfor cells growing on glucose with P < .05, and 0for corresponding control (without hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) cells growing on respective monosaccharide with P < .05.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The activity of glucose-6-phosphate in wild type and target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae incubated with hydrogen peroxide. Results are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM; n = 3-7). Significantly different from respective values wtfor wild type with P < .05, Gfor cells growing on glucose with P < .05, and 0for corresponding control (without hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) cells growing on respective monosaccharide with P < .05.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
The activity of glyoxalase 1 in wild-type and target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae incubated with hydrogen peroxide. Results are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM; n = 3-6). Significantly different from respective values wtfor wild type with P < .05, Gfor cells growing on glucose with P < .05, and 0for corresponding control (without hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) cells growing on respective monosaccharide with P < .05.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Correlation analysis of data obtained with wild type and target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains treated with different hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations: correlating between yeast reproductive ability and glutathione reductase activity.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Correlation analysis of data obtained with wild type and target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains treated with different hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations: correlating between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyoxalase 1 activity.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Relationship between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced hormetic response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins, and enzymes involved in detoxification of either exogenous or produced during carbohydrate metabolism reactive species. G6PDH indicates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLO1, glyoxalase 1; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; RCS, reactive carbonyl species; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
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