Recent Developments in Chimeric NSAIDs as Anticancer Agents: Teaching an Old Dog a New Trick

Abstract

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the widely used medications all over the world, indicated for pain, fever, and inflammation. It is now well established that inflammation and cancer are closely linked with each other. Inflammatory mediators, like cyclooxygenase (COX), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor growth factor (TGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), chemokines, and cytokines and related genes, such as inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase (IKK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) have been shown to be up-regulated in various cancers. Till date, numerous anticancer agents of different classes have been discovered to treat and eradicate various forms of cancer; though, limitations like cytotoxicity to normal cells and acquired tumor resistance restrict the scope of present cancer therapeutics. NSAIDs have shown to decrease the incidence, recurrence, and proliferation of various cancers, viz. colon, breast, lung, and pancreatic, etc. Therefore, the developing agents, such as NO-and H<sub>2</sub>S-releasing NSAIDs, NSAID-metal complexes, natural product-NSAID conjugates, phospho-NSAIDs, and various other NSAIDs derivatives represent the next generation therapeutics to treat both inflammation and cancer.