Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Apr 29;4(4):CD009794.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009794.pub2.

Transition of care for adolescents from paediatric services to adult health services

Fiona Campbell  1 , Katie Biggs, Susie K Aldiss, Philip M O'Neill, Mark Clowes, Janet McDonagh, Alison While, Faith Gibson
Affiliations

Transition of care for adolescents from paediatric services to adult health services

Fiona Campbell et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: There is evidence that the process of transition from paediatric (child) to adult health services is often associated with deterioration in the health of adolescents with chronic conditions.Transitional care is the term used to describe services that seek to bridge this care gap. It has been defined as 'the purposeful, planned movement of adolescents and young adults with chronic physical and medical conditions from child-centred to adult-oriented health care systems'. In order to develop appropriate services for adolescents, evidence of what works and what factors act as barriers and facilitators of effective interventions is needed.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve the transition of care for adolescents from paediatric to adult health services.

Search methods: We searched The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials 2015, Issue 1, (including the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group Specialised Register), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Knowledge to 19 June 2015. We also searched reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews, and contacted experts and study authors for additional studies.

Selection criteria: We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before- and after-studies (CBAs), and interrupted time-series studies (ITSs) that evaluated the effectiveness of any intervention (care model or clinical pathway), that aimed to improve the transition of care for adolescents from paediatric to adult health services. We considered adolescents with any chronic condition that required ongoing clinical care, who were leaving paediatric services and going on to receive services in adult healthcare units, and their families. Participating providers included all health professionals responsible for the care of young people.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data from included papers, assessed the risk of bias of each study, and assessed the certainty of the evidence for the main comparisons using GRADE. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Authors were contacted for missing data. We reported the findings of the studies as pre- and post-intervention means and calculated the unadjusted absolute change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Main results: We included four RCTs (N = 238 participants) that explored: a two-day workshop-based transition preparation training for adolescents with spina bifida; a nurse-led, one-on-one, teaching session with the additional support of a 'health passport' for adolescents with heart disease; a web- and SMS-based educational intervention for adolescents with a range of different conditions; and a structured comprehensive transition programme with a transition co-ordinator for adolescents with type 1 diabetes.One study evaluating a one-on-one nurse-led intervention, and one evaluating a technology-based intervention suggested that these interventions may lead to slight improvements in transitional readiness and chronic disease self-management measured at six- to eight-month follow-ups (low certainty evidence). Results with the TRAQ self-management tool were: MD 0.20; 95% CI -0.16 to 0.56 and MD 0.43; 95% CI; -0.09 to 0.95; with the TRAQ self-advocacy tool: MD 0.37; 95% CI -0.06 to 0.80; and with the PAM tool were: MD 10; 95% CI 2.96 to 17.04. In contrast, transition-preparation training delivered via a two-day workshop for patients with spina bifida may lead to little or no difference in measures of self-care practice and general health behaviours when measured using the DSCPI-90©.Two studies evaluated the use of health services. One study evaluated a technology-based intervention and another a comprehensive transition programme; these interventions may lead to slightly more young people taking positive steps to initiate contact with health professionals themselves (Relative risk (RR): 4.87; 95% CI 0.24 to 98.12 and RR 1.50; 95% CI 0.32 to 6.94, respectively; low certainty evidence.Young people's knowledge of their disease may slightly improve with a nurse-led, one-on-one intervention to prepare young people for transition to an adult congenital heart programme (MD 14; 95% CI 2.67 to 25.33; one study; low certainty evidence).Disease-specific outcome measures were reported in two studies, both of which led to little or no difference in outcomes (low certainty evidence). One study found little or no difference between intervention and control groups. A second study found that follow-up HbA1c in young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus increased by 1.2% for each percentage increase in baseline HbA1c, independent of treatment group (1.2%; 95% CI 0.4 to 1.9; P = 0.01).Transition interventions may lead to little or no difference in well-being or quality of life as measured with the PARS III or PedsQ (two studies; low certainty evidence). Both the technology-based intervention and the two-day workshop for young people with spina bifida found little or no difference between intervention and control groups (MD 1.29; 95% CI -4.49 to 7.07). One study did not report the data.Four telephone support calls from a transition co-ordinator may lead to little or no difference in rates of transfer from paediatric to adult diabetes services (one study; low certainty evidence). At 12-month follow-up, there was little or no difference between groups of young people receiving usual care or a telephone support (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.08)). They may slightly reduce the risk of disease-related hospital admissions at 12-month follow-up (RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.03 to 2.40).

Authors' conclusions: The available evidence (four small studies; N = 238), covers a limited range of interventions developed to facilitate transition in a limited number of clinical conditions, with only four to 12 months follow-up. These follow-up periods may not be long enough for any changes to become apparent as transition is a lengthy process. There was evidence of improvement in patients' knowledge of their condition in one study, and improvements in self-efficacy and confidence in another, but since few studies were eligible for this review, and the overall certainty of the body of this evidence is low, no firm conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of the evaluated interventions. Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the intervention effect and likely could change our conclusions. There is considerable scope for the rigorous evaluation of other models of transitional care, reporting on clinical outcomes with longer term follow-up.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Fiona Campbell, Philip M O'Neill, Alison While, Janet McDonagh, Katie Biggs, Susie K Aldiss, Faith Gibson, and Mark Clowes have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 1 PARS III.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 2 Denyes Self‐Care Practice Instrument (DSCPI ‐ 90©).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 3 Community Life Skills Scale (CLSS).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 4 Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ)..
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 5 TRAQ (self‐management).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 6 TRAQ (Self‐advocacy).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 7 Health‐related self‐efficacy (PAM).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 8 Patient initiated communications.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 9 MyHeart.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 10 TRAQ (Self‐advocacy).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 11 Transfer from child to adolescent health services.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Transtional care versus usual care, Outcome 12 diabetes related hospitalizations in previous 12 months.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009794

References

References to studies included in this review

Betz 2010 {published data only}
    1. Betz CL, Smith K, Macias K. Testing the transition preparation training program: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health 2010;3(4):595‐607. - PMC - PubMed
Huang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Huang JS, Terrones L, Tompane T, Dillon L, Pain M, Gottschalk M, et al. Preparing Adolescents With Chronic Disease for Transition to Adult Care: A Technology Program. Pediatrics 2014;133:e1639‐46. - PMC - PubMed
Mackie 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mackie AS, Islam S, Magill‐Evans J, Rankin KN, Robert C, Schuh M, et al. Healthcare transition for youth with heart disease: a clinical trial. Heart 2014;100:1113‐8. - PubMed
Steinbeck 2014 {published data only}
    1. Steinbeck KS, Shrewsbury VA, Harvey V, Mikler K, Donaghue KC, Craig ME, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a post‐discharge program to support emerging adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus transition from pediatric to adult care. Pediatric Diabetes 2014;16(8):1‐6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Anderson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Anderson BJ, Brackett J, Ho J, Laffel LM. An office‐based intervention to maintain parent‐adolescent teamwork in diabetes management. Impact on parent involvement, family conflict, and subsequent glycemic control. Diabetes Care 1999;5:713‐21. - PubMed
Anderson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Anderson S, Wynn L, Osarogiagbon R, Adams‐Graves P, McHugh L, Steele V, et al. Teenager Transition Tour Program for young adults with sickle cell disease. American Journal of Hematology 2009;84(8):E69‐70.
Balcazar 1995 {published data only}
    1. Balcazar Fabricio E, Keys Christopher B, Garate‐Serafini Juana. Learning to recruit assistance to attain transition goals: A program for adjudicated youth with disabilities. Remedial and Special Education 1995;16(4):237‐46.
Caravalho 2000 {published data only}
    1. Caravalho JY, Saylor CR. Continuum of care: An evaluation of a nurse case‐managed program for children with diabetes. Pediatric Nursing 2000;26(3):296‐300. - PubMed
Gregory 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gregory JW, Robling M, Bennert K, Channon S, Cohen D, Crowne E, et al. Development and evaluation by a cluster randomised trial of a psychosocial intervention in children and teenagers experiencing diabetes: the DEPICTED study. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2011;15(29):1‐202. - PubMed
Hoek 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hoek W, Marko M, Fogel J, Schuurmans J, Gladstone T, Bradford N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of primary care physician motivational interviewing versus brief advice to engage adolescents with an Internet‐based depression prevention intervention: 6‐month outcomes and predictors of improvement. Translational Research: The Journal Of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 2011;158(6):315‐25. - PMC - PubMed
Husted 2011 {published data only}
    1. Husted GR, Thorsteinsson B, Esbensen BA, Hommel E, Zoffmann V. Improving glycaemic control and life skills in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomised, controlled intervention study using the Guided Self‐Determination‐Young method in triads of adolescents, parents and health care providers integrated into routine paediatric outpatient clinics. BMC Pediatrics 2011;11:55. - PMC - PubMed
Jessup 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jessup M, Hauser J, Cameron‐Tucker H, Cummings E, Turner P, Blizzard L, et al. Facilitating self‐Management in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis: A pilot study. Pediatric Pulmonology 2011;46:405‐6.
LaDonna 2008 {published data only}
    1. LaDonna KA, Koopman WJ, Viana R, Campbell C, Schulz V, Venance SL. A pilot study to determine the transition needs of adolescents and adults with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; 2008 June 18‐20; Victoria British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. Ottawa: Canadian Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 2008; Vol. 30, issue 1:17.
Landback 2009 {published data only}
    1. Landback J, Prochaska M, Ellis J, Dmochowska K, Kuwabara SA, Gladstone T, et al. From prototype to product: development of a primary care/Internet based depression prevention intervention for adolescents (CATCH‐IT). Community Mental Health Journal 2009;45(5):349‐54. - PubMed
Mason 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mason M, Pate P, Drapkin M, Sozinho K. Motivational interviewing integrated with social network counseling for female adolescents: a randomized pilot study in urban primary care. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2011;2:148‐55. - PubMed
Mulvaney 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Wallston KA, Lybarger C, Dietrich MS. An internet‐based program to improve self‐management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):602‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Mulvaney 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Osborn CY, Lybarger C, Dietrich MS, Wallston KA. Self‐management problem solving for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: intervention processes associated with an Internet program. Patient Education & Counseling 2011;85(2):140‐2. - PMC - PubMed
Raghavan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Raghavan R, Newell R, Waseem F, Small N. A randomized controlled trial of a specialist liaison worker model for young people with intellectual disabilities with challenging behaviour and mental health needs. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2009;22(3):256‐63.
Styron 2006 {published data only}
    1. Styron TH, O'Connell M, Smalley W, Rau D, Shahar G, Sells D, et al. Troubled youth in transition: An evaluation of Connecticut's special services for individuals aging out of adolescent mental health programs. Children and Youth Services Review 2006;28(9):1088‐101.
Viana 2007 {published data only}
    1. Viana R, LaDonna K, Koopman W, Campbell C, Schulz V, Venance S. Pilot study to determine the transition needs of adolescents and adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders 2007;17(9‐10):864‐5.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Puri 2009 {published data only}
    1. Puri SC, Tennant A, Clarke MA. Does an Integrated Needs Assessment (INA) improve social adjustment during transition from paediatric to adult services. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2009;13:S126.
Shipp 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shipp AR, Siragusa A, Crews B, Scott P. Journey to independence: Transitioning to adult cystic fibrosis care. Pediatric Pulmonology 2011;46:405.

Additional references

AAP 2002
    1. American Academy of Family Physicians and American College of Physicians‐American Society of Internal Medicine. A consensus statement on health care transitions for young adults with special health care needs. Pediatrics 2002;110:1304‐6. - PubMed
Binks 2007
    1. Binks JA, Barden WS, Burke TA, Young NL. What do we really know about the transition to adult‐centered health care? A focus on cerebral palsy and spina bifida. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007;88(8):1064‐73. - PubMed
Bloom 2012
    1. Bloom SR, Kuhlthau K, Cleave J, Knapp AA, Newacheck P, Perrin JM. Health care transition for youth with special health care needs. Journal of Adolscent Health 2012;51:213‐9. - PubMed
Blum 1993
    1. Blum RW, Garell D, Hodgman CH, Jorissen TW, Okinow NA, Orr DP, et al. Transition from child‐centered to adult health‐care systems for adolescents with chronic conditions. A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health 1993;14(7):570‐6. - PubMed
Busse 2007
    1. Busse FP, Hiermann P, Galler A, Stumvoll M, Wiessner T, Kiess W, et al. Evaluation of patients' opinion and metabolic control after transfer of young adults with type 1 diabetes from a paediatric diabetes clinic to adult care. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2007;67(3):132‐8. - PubMed
CPS 2006
    1. Canadian Paediatric Society. Care of adolescents with chronic conditions. Paediatrics Child Health 2006;11(1):43‐8.
CQC 2014
    1. Care Quality Commission. From the Pond into the Sea (Children's transition to adult health services). Available from: https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/CQC_Transition%20Report_Summa... June 2014.
Crowley 2011
    1. Crowley R, Wolfe I, Lock K, McKee M. Improving the transition between paediatric and adult healthcare: a systematic review. Archives of disease in childhood 2011;96(6):548‐53. - PubMed
CSCI 2007
    1. Commission for Social Care Inspection. Growing up matters: Better transition planning for young people with complex needs. Available from: http://www.yorkshirefutures.com/what_works/growing‐matters‐better‐transi.... London: Commission for Social Care Inspection, 2007.
Cystic Fibrosis Trust 2008
    1. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient Registry Annual Data Report. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, MD 2008.
DH 1999
    1. Department of Health. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Second report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child by the United Kingdom. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publicati... 1999.
DH 2003
    1. Department of Health. Getting the right start: National service framework for children. Standard for hospital services. Available from: www.doh.gov.uk/nsf/children/gettingtherightstart 2003.
DH 2004
    1. Department of Health, Department for Education and Skills. National service framework for children, young people and maternity services. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publicati.... Department of Health, 2004. - PubMed
DH 2006
    1. Department of Health, Child Health and Maternity Services. Transition: getting it right for young people. Improving the transition of young people with long‐term conditions from children's to adult health services. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publicati.... London: Department of Health Publications, 2006.
DH 2008
    1. Department of Health. Under their Skins: Tackling the health of the teenage nation 2007.. On the state of Public Health. Annual report of the Chief Medical Officer July 2008.
DH 2010
    1. Department for Children, Schools and Families & Department of Health/Children's Mental Health Teams. Keeping children and young people in mind ‐ the Government's full response to the independent review of CAMHS. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publicati... January 2010.
DH 2013
    1. Department of Health. Improving Children and Young People's Health Outcomes: a system wide response. Available from: http://bit.ly/10PSvjR February 2013.
Dick 2015
    1. Dick B, Ferguson BJ. Health for the world's adolescents: A second chance in the second decade. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015;56(1):3‐6. - PubMed
Dodge 2007
    1. Dodge JA, Lewis PA, Stanton M, Wilsher J. Cystic fibrosis mortality and survival in the UK: 1947‐2003. European Respiratory Journal 2007;29(3):522‐6. - PubMed
Doug 2011
    1. Doug M, Adi Y, Williams J, Paul M, Kelly D, Petchey R, et al. Transition to adult services for children and young people with palliative care needs: a systematic review. BMJ Support Palliative Care 2011;1(2):167‐73. - PubMed
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Smith GC, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Fegran 2014
    1. Fegran L, Hall EO, Uhrenfeldt L, Aagaard H, Ludvigsen MS. Adolescents' and young adults' transition experiences when transferring from paediatric to adult care: a qualitative metasynthesis. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2014;51(1):123‐35. - PubMed
Fleming 2002
    1. Fleming E, Carter B, Gillibrand W. The transition of adolescents with diabetes from the children's health care service into the adult health care service: a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2002;11(5):560‐7. - PubMed
Forbes 2002
    1. Forbes A, While A, Ullman R, Lewis S, Mathes L, Griffiths. A multi‐method review to identify components of practice which may promote continuity in the transition from child to adult care for young people with chronic illness or disability. Report for the National Co‐ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R&D (NCCSDO) 2002:1‐109.
Gleeson 2012
    1. Gleeson H, Turner G. Transition to adult services. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2012;97(3):86‐92. - PubMed
Gosden 2010
    1. Gosden C, Edge JA, Holt RI, James J, Turner B, Winocour P, et al. The fifth UK paediatric diabetes services survey: meeting guidelines and recommendations?. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2010;95(10):837‐40. - PubMed
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al for the GRADE Working Group. GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7650):924‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hagell 2015
    1. Hagell A. Building a picture of health from data. Journal of Family Health 2015;25(5):32‐3. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analysis. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2008
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration 2008. Available from: www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Kaufman 2006
    1. Kaufman M. Role of adolescent development in the transition process. Progress in Transplantation 2006;16(4):286‐90. - PubMed
Kennedy 2008
    1. Kennedy A, Sawyer S. Transition from pediatric to adult services: are we getting it right?. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2008;20(4):403‐9. - PubMed
Kipps 2002
    1. Kipps S, Bahu T, Ong K, Ackland FM, Brown RS, Fox CT, et al. Current methods of transfer of young people with Type 1 diabetes to adult services. Diabetic Medicine 2002;19(8):649‐54. - PubMed
Kirk 2014
    1. Kirk S, Fraser C. Hospice support and the transition to adult services and adulthood for young people with life‐limiting conditions and their families: A qualitative study. Palliative Medicine 2014;28(4):342‐52. - PubMed
Latzman 2011
    1. Latzman RD, Majumdar S, Bigelow C, Elkin TD, Smith MG, Megason GC, et al. Transitioning to adult care among adolescents with sickle cell disease: a transitioning clinic based on patient and caregiver concerns and needs. International Journal of Child Health and Adolescent Health 2011;3(4):537‐45.
Lotstein 2005
    1. Lotstein DS, McPherson M, Strickland B, Newacheck PW. Transition planning for youth with special health care needs: results from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Pediatrics 2005;115(6):1562‐8. - PubMed
Lotstein 2013
    1. Lotstein DS, Seid M, Klingensmith G, Case D, Lawrence JM, Pihoker C, et al. Transition from pediatric to adult care for youth diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in adolescence. Pediatrics 2013;131(4):e1062‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Lugasi 2011
    1. Lugasi T, Achille M, Stevenson M. Patients' perspective on factors that facilitate transition from child‐centered to adult‐centered health care: a theory integrated metasummary of quantitative and qualitative studies. Journal of Adolescent Health 2011;48(5):429‐40. - PubMed
McDonagh 2004
    1. McDonagh JE, Southwood TR, Shaw KL. Unmet education and training needs of rheumatology health professionals in adolescent health and transitional care. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43(1462‐0324 (Print), 1462‐0324 (Linking), 6):737‐43. - PubMed
McDonagh 2006
    1. McDonagh JE, Minnaar G, Kelly K, O'Connor D, Shaw KL. Unmet education and training needs in adolescent health of health professionals in a UK children's hospital. Acta Paediatrica 2006;95(0803‐5253 (Print), 0803‐5253 (Linking), 6):715‐9. - PubMed
McDonagh 2006a
    1. McDonagh JE, Viner RM. Lost in transition? Between paediatric and adult services. BMJ 2006;332(7539):435‐6. - PMC - PubMed
McDonagh 2010
    1. McDonagh JE, Kelly DA. The challenges and opportunities for transitional care research. Pediatric Transplantation 2010;14(6):688‐700. - PubMed
McManus 2008
    1. McManus MA, Fox H, O’Connor K, Chapman T, MacKinnon J. Pediatric perspectives and practices on transitioning adolescents with special needs to adult health care.. National Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health 2008;Factsheet 6:1‐6.
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 2009;6(6):e1000097. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed1000097] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moons 2009
    1. Moons P, Hilderson D, Deyk K. Congenital cardiovascular nursing: preparing for the next decade. Cardiology in the Young 2009;19(Suppl 2):106‐11. - PubMed
Moons 2010
    1. Moons P, Meijboom FJ. Healthcare provision for adults with congenital heart disease in Europe: a review. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2010;22(5):573‐8. - PubMed
Nakhla 2009
    1. Nakhla M, Daneman D, To T, Paradis G, Guttmann A. Transition to adult care for youths with diabetes mellitus: findings from a Universal Health Care System. Pediatrics 2009;124(6):e1134‐41. - PubMed
Paul 2014
    1. Paul M, Street C, Wheeler N, Singh SP. Transition to adult services for young people with mental health needs: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2014;Jul;20(3):1‐22. - PubMed
RCN 2008
    1. Royal College of Nursing. Lost in transition: Moving young people between child and adult health services. Available from: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/157879/003227.pdf. Royal College of Nursing, 2008.
RCN Adolescent Health 2004
    1. Royal College of Nursing Adolescent Health Forum. Adolescent transition care. Available from: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/78617/002313.pdf. Royal College of Nursing, 2004.
RCPCH 2003
    1. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Bridging the gaps: health care for adolescents. Available from: http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/bridging_the_gaps.pdf. London: RCPCH, 2003.
RCPE 2008
    1. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Transition Steering Group. Think Transition: Developing the essential link between paediatric and adult care. Available from: http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/clinical‐standards/documents/transition.pdf. Edinburgh: Royal College of Phsicians of Edinburgh, 2008.
Reference Manager 2010 [Computer program]
    1. Thompson Reuters. Reference Manager Professional Edition Version 12. Version Version 12. London: Thomson ISI ResearchSoft, 2010.
Reid 2004
    1. Reid GJ, Irvine MJ, McCrindle BW, Sananes R, Ritvo PG, Siu SC, et al. Prevalence and correlates of successful transfer from pediatric to adult health care among a cohort of young adults with complex congenital heart defects. Pediatrics March 2004;113(3):197‐205. - PubMed
Sawicki 2009
    1. Sawicki GS, Lukens‐Bull K, Yin X, Demars N, Huang IC, Livingood W, et al. Measuring the transition readiness of youth with special healthcare needs: Validation of the TRAQ ‐ transition readiness assessment questionnaire. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009;36(2):160‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Sawyer 2007
    1. Sawyer SM, Drew S, Yeo MS, Britto MT. Adolescents with a chronic condition: challenges living, challenges treating. Lancet 2007;369(9571):1481‐9. - PubMed
Sawyer 2012
    1. Sawyer SM, Afifi RA, Bearinger LH, Blakemore SJ, Dick B, Ezeh AC, et al. Adolescence: a foundation for future health. Lancet 2012;379(9826):1630‐40. - PubMed
Scal 2005
    1. Scal P, Ireland M. Addressing transition to adult health care for adolescents with special health care needs. Pediatrics 2005;115(6):1607‐12. - PubMed
Shaw 2004
    1. Shaw KL, Southwood TR, McDonagh JE. Developing a programme of transitional care for adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a postal survey. Rheumatology 2004;43(2):211‐9. - PubMed
Snow 2009
    1. Snow V, Beck D, Budnitz T, Miller DC, Potter J, Wears RL, et al. Transitions of care consensus policy statement: American College of Physicians, Society of General Internal Medicine, Society of Hospital Medicine, American Geriatrics Society, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4(6):364‐70. - PubMed
Suris 2009
    1. Suris JC, Akre C, Rutishauser C. How adult specialists deal with the principles of a successful transition. Journal of Adolescent Health 2009;45(6):551‐5. - PubMed
US Department of Health and Human Services 2002
    1. American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American College of Physicians‐American Society of Internal Medicine. A consensus statement on health care transitions for young adults with special health care needs. Pediatrics 2002;3:1304‐6. - PubMed
Viner 1999
    1. Viner R. Transition from paediatric to adult care. Bridging the gaps or passing the buck?. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1999;81(3):271‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Watson 2005
    1. Watson AR. Problems and pitfalls of transition from paediatric to adult renal care. Pediatric Nephrology 2005;20(2):113‐7. - PubMed
Watson 2011
    1. Watson R, Parr JR, Joyce C, May C, Couteur AS. Models of transitional care for young people with complex health needs: a scoping review. Child: care, health and development 2011;37(6):780‐91. - PubMed
While 1996
    1. While A, Citrone C, Cornish J. A study of the needs and provisions for families caring for children with life‐limiting incurable disorders. London: King's College London, Department of Nursing Studies, 1996. [B00101JAZB]
While 2004
    1. While A, Forbes A, Ullman R, Lewis S, Mathes L, Griffiths P. Good practices that address continuity during transition from child to adult care: synthesis of the evidence. Child: Care, Health and Development 2004;30(5):439‐52. - PubMed
WHO/UNAIDS (2015)
    1. WHO/UNAIDS. Global standards for quality health‐care services for adolescents: a guide to implement a standards‐driven approach to improve the quality of health‐care services for adolescents. Geneva, World Health Organization 2015.
Yeung 2008
    1. Yeung E, Kay J, Roosevelt GE, Brandon M, Yetman AT. Lapse of care as a predictor for morbidity in adults with congenital heart disease. International Journal of Cardiology 2008;125(1):62‐5. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Campbell 2012
    1. Campbell F, O'Neill PM, While A, McDonagh J. Interventions to improve transition of care for adolescents from paediatric services to adult services (Protocol).. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;4:DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009794. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms