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Review
. 2015 Sep 23;1(3):180-6.
doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.09.002. Epub 2015 Sep 23.

The Four Layers of Aging

Ran Zhang  1 , Hou-Zao Chen  2 , De-Pei Liu  3
Affiliations
Free article
Review

The Four Layers of Aging

Ran Zhang et al. Cell Syst. .
Free article

Abstract

Instead of considering aging in terms of discrete hallmarks, we suggest that it operates in four layers, each at a different biological scale. Malfunctions within each layer-and connections between them-produce the aged phenotype and its associated susceptibility to disease.

Keywords: Aging; adaptive response; age-related diseases; dietary/caloric restriction; evolutionary fitness.

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