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. 2016 Apr 21:10:591-9.
doi: 10.2147/PPA.S97852. eCollection 2016.

Higher diversity in fungal species discriminates children with type 1 diabetes mellitus from healthy control

Beata Kowalewska  1 , Katarzyna Zorena  2 , Małgorzata Szmigiero-Kawko  3 , Piotr Wąż  4 , Małgorzata Myśliwiec  3
Affiliations

Higher diversity in fungal species discriminates children with type 1 diabetes mellitus from healthy control

Beata Kowalewska et al. Patient Prefer Adherence. .

Abstract

Objective: To conduct qualitative and quantitative assessment of yeast-like fungi in the feces of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with respect to their metabolic control and duration of the disease.

Materials and methods: The studied materials included samples of fresh feces collected from 53 children and adolescents with T1DM. Control group included 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Medical history was taken and physical examination was conducted in the two study arms. Prevalence of the yeast-like fungi in the feces was determined as well as their amounts, species diversity, drug susceptibility, and enzymatic activity.

Results: The yeast-like fungi were found in the samples of feces from 75.4% of T1DM patients and 70% controls. In the group of T1DM patients, no correlation was found between age (Rs=0.253, P=0.068), duration of diabetes (Rs=-0.038, P=0.787), or body mass index (Rs=0.150, P=0.432) and the amount of the yeast-like fungi isolated in the feces. Moreover, no correlation was seen between the amount of the yeast-like fungi and glycated hemoglobin (Rs=0.0324, P=0.823), systolic blood pressure (Rs=0.102, P=0.483), or diastolic blood pressure (Rs=0.271, P=0.345).

Conclusion: Our research has shown that children and adolescents with T1DM show higher species diversity of the yeast-like fungi, with Candida albicans being significantly less prevalent versus control subjects. Moreover, fungal species in patients with T1DM turn out to be more resistant to antifungal treatment.

Keywords: children; diabetes mellitus type 1; drug susceptibility; duration of the disease; metabolic control; yeast-like fungi.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The amount of the yeast-like fungal species in type 1 diabetes mellitus children (A) and the control subjects (B).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationship between the amount of the yeast-like fungi and clinical parameters in the study groups. Abbreviations: T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Drug susceptibility of Candida albicans strains isolated from fecal samples of type 1 diabetes mellitus children (A) and control subjects (B).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Drug susceptibility of Candida spp. strains in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Comparison of Candida albicans strains susceptible, intermediate, and resistant to the six tested antifungal drugs in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (A) and healthy control subjects (B).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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