An Eye in the Palm of Your Hand: Alterations in Visual Processing Near the Hand, a Mini-Review

Abstract

Feedback within the oculomotor system improves visual processing at eye movement end points, also termed a visual grasp. We do not just view the world around us however, we also reach out and grab things with our hands. A growing body of literature suggests that visual processing in near-hand space is altered. The control systems for moving either the eyes or the hands rely on parallel networks of fronto-parietal regions, which have feedback connections to visual areas. Since the oculomotor system effects on visual processing occur through feedback, both through the motor plan and the motor efference copy, a parallel system where reaching and/or grasping motor-related activity also affects visual processing is likely. Areas in the posterior parietal cortex, for example, receive proprioceptive and visual information used to guide actions, as well as motor efference signals. This trio of information channels is all that would be necessary to produce spatial allocation of reach-related visual attention. We review evidence from behavioral and neurophysiological studies that support the hypothesis that feedback from the reaching and/or grasping motor control networks affects visual processing while noting ways in which it differs from that seen within the oculomotor system. We also suggest that object affordances may represent the neural mechanism through which certain object features are selected for preferential processing when stimuli are near the hand. Finally, we summarize the two effector-based feedback systems and discuss how having separate but parallel effector systems allows for efficient decoupling of eye and hand movements.

Keywords: attention; peripersonal space; reaching and grasping; sensorimotor integration; vision.

Figure 1

Reach, grasp, and oculomotor control brain regions in the macaque. Shown are the cortical brain regions associated with the reach (in red), grasp (in blue), oculomotor (in green), and visual (in black) systems. Not pictured are anatomical cross-talk connections between the reaching and grasping networks (i.e., between V6A and anterior intraparietal (AIP)/Ventral premotor cortex (PMv), see Fattori et al., 2015).