Relationship Between Spiritual Coping and Survival in Patients with HIV

Abstract

Background: Studies of spirituality in initially healthy people have shown a survival advantage, yet there are fewer research studies in the medically ill, despite the widespread use of spirituality/religiousness to cope with serious physical illness. In addition, many studies have used limited measures such as religious service attendance.

Objective: We aimed to examine if, independent of medication adherence, the use of spirituality/religiousness to cope with HIV predicts survival over 17 years.

Design: This was a longitudinal study, started in 1997. Study materials were administered semi annually.

Participants: A diverse sample of 177 HIV patients initially in the mid-stage of disease (150-500 CD4-cells/mm(3); no prior AIDS-defining symptoms) participated in the study.

Main measures: Participants were administered a battery of psychosocial questionnaires and a blood draw. They completed interviews and essays to assess current stressors. Spiritual coping (overall/strategies) was rated by qualitative content analysis of interviews regarding stress and coping with HIV, and essays.

Key results: Controlling for medical variables (baseline CD4/viral load) and demographics, Cox regression analyses showed that overall positive spiritual coping significantly predicted greater survival over 17 years (mortality HR = 0.56, p = 0.039). Findings held even after controlling for health behaviors (medication adherence, substance use) and social support. Particular spiritual coping strategies that predicted longer survival included spiritual practices (HR = 0.26, p < 0.001), spiritual reframing (HR = 0.27, p = 0.006), overcoming spiritual guilt (HR = 0.24, p < 0.001), spiritual gratitude (HR = 0.40, p = 0.002), and spiritual empowerment (HR = 0.52, p = 0.024), indicating that people using these strategies were 2-4 times more likely to survive.

Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study showing a prospective relationship of spiritual coping in people who are medically ill with survival over such a long period of time, and also specifically identifies several strategies of spirituality that may be beneficial.

Keywords: HIV; spiritual coping; spiritual practices; spiritual reframing; spirituality; survival.

Figure 1.

Time to mortality by spiritual coping (SC) categories controlling for baseline disease status (CD4 and VL), and demographics (age, gender, education, and ethnicity).

Figure 2.

Time to mortality depending on the presence/absence of spiritual practices after controlling for baseline disease status (CD4 and VL), and demographics (age, gender, education, and ethnicity).

Figure 3.

Time to mortality depending on the presence/absence of positive spiritual reframing, after controlling for baseline disease status (CD4 and VL), and demographics (age, gender, education, and ethnicity).