An international comparison of dietary patterns in 9-11-year-old children

V Mikkilä¹, H Vepsäläinen¹, T Saloheimo¹, S A Gonzalez², J D Meisel³, G Hu⁴, C M Champagne⁴, J-P Chaput⁵, T S Church⁴, P T Katzmarzyk⁴, R Kuriyan⁶, A Kurpad⁶, E V Lambert⁷, C Maher⁸, J Maia⁹, V Matsudo¹⁰, T Olds⁸, V Onywera¹¹, O L Sarmiento², M Standage¹², M S Tremblay⁵, C Tudor-Locke¹³, P Zhao¹⁴, M Fogelholm¹; ISCOLE Research Group

Affiliations

¹ Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
² Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes , Bogota, Colombia.
³ Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, CeiBA Complex Systems Research Center, Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá, Colombia.
⁴ Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
⁵ Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ St Johns Research Institute , Bangalore, India.
⁷ Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa.
⁸ Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
⁹ CIFI2D, Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.
¹⁰ Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul , Sao Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹ Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University , Nairobi, Kenya.
¹² Department of Health, University of Bath , Bath, UK.
¹³ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amerherst, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center , Tianjin, China.

PMID: 27152179
PMCID: PMC4850615
DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.14

An international comparison of dietary patterns in 9-11-year-old children

V Mikkilä et al. Int J Obes Suppl. 2015 Dec.

. 2015 Dec;5(Suppl 2):S17-21.

doi: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.14. Epub 2015 Dec 8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
² Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Universidad de los Andes , Bogota, Colombia.
³ Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, CeiBA Complex Systems Research Center, Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá, Colombia.
⁴ Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
⁵ Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁶ St Johns Research Institute , Bangalore, India.
⁷ Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa.
⁸ Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
⁹ CIFI2D, Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal.
¹⁰ Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul , Sao Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹ Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University , Nairobi, Kenya.
¹² Department of Health, University of Bath , Bath, UK.
¹³ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amerherst, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center , Tianjin, China.

PMID: 27152179
PMCID: PMC4850615
DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.14

Abstract

Objectives: Dietary pattern is defined as a combination of foods and drinks and the frequency of consumption within a population. Dietary patterns are changing on a global level, which may be linked to an increased incidence of chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the dietary patterns among 9-11-year-old children living in urban regions in different parts of the world.

Methods: Participants were 7199 children (54% girls), aged 9-11 years, from 12 countries situated in all major world regions. Food consumption was assessed using a 23-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). To identify dietary patterns, principal components analyses (PCA) were carried out using weekly portions as input variables.

Results: Both site-specific and pooled PCA resulted in two strong components. Component 1 ('unhealthy diet pattern') included fast foods, ice cream, fried food, French fries, potato chips, cakes and sugar-sweetened sodas with >0.6 loadings. The loadings for component 2 ('healthy diet pattern') were slightly weaker with only dark-green vegetables, orange vegetables, vegetables in general, and fruits and berries reaching a >0.6 loading. The site-specific diet pattern scores had very strong correlations with the pattern scores from the pooled data: r=0.82 and 0.94 for components 1 and 2, respectively.

Conculsions: The results suggest that the same 'healthier' and 'unhealthier' foods tend to be consumed in similar combinations among 9-11-year-old children in different countries, despite variation in food culture, geographical location, ethnic background and economic development.

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Conflict of interest statement

MF has received a research grant from Fazer Finland and has received an honorarium for speaking for Merck. AK has been a member of the Advisory Boards of Dupont and McCain Foods. RK has received a research grant from Abbott Nutrition Research and Development. VMa is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Actigraph and has received an honorarium for speaking for The Coca-Cola Company. TO has received an honorarium for speaking for The Coca-Cola Company. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Site-specific mean scores for the unhealthy (a) and healthy (b) dietary patterns. Significant (P<0.05) site-specific difference between the sexes are shown.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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An international comparison of dietary patterns in 9-11-year-old children

Affiliations

An international comparison of dietary patterns in 9-11-year-old children

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources