Management of Renal Masses and Localized Renal Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Purpose: Several options exist for management of clinically localized renal masses suspicious for cancer, including active surveillance, thermal ablation and radical or partial nephrectomy. We summarize evidence on effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of these treatment approaches for patients with a renal mass suspicious for localized renal cell carcinoma.

Materials and methods: We searched MEDLINE®, Embase® and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1, 1997 through May 1, 2015. Paired investigators independently screened articles to identify controlled studies of management options or cohort studies of active surveillance, abstracted data sequentially and assessed risk of bias independently. Strength of evidence was graded by comparisons.

Results: The search identified 107 studies (majority T1, no active surveillance or thermal ablation stratified outcomes of T2 tumors). Cancer specific survival was excellent among all management strategies (median 5-year survival 95%). Local recurrence-free survival was inferior for thermal ablation with 1 treatment but reached equivalence to other modalities after multiple treatments. Overall survival rates were similar among management strategies and varied with age and comorbidity. End-stage renal disease rates were low for all strategies (0.4% to 2.8%). Radical nephrectomy was associated with the largest decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate and highest incidence of chronic kidney disease. Thermal ablation offered the most favorable perioperative outcomes. Partial nephrectomy showed the highest rates of urological complications but overall rates of minor/major complications were similar among interventions. Strength of evidence was moderate, low and insufficient for 11, 22 and 30 domains, respectively.

Conclusions: Comparative studies demonstrated similar cancer specific survival across management strategies, with some differences in renal functional outcomes, perioperative outcomes and postoperative harms that should be considered when choosing a management strategy.

Keywords: carcinoma, renal cell; comparative effectiveness research; disease management; kidney neoplasms; surgical procedures, operative.

Figure 1

Summary of literature search

Figure 2

Notable meta-analyses on effectiveness of radical vs partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy vs thermal ablation and partial nephrectomy vs thermal ablation. Effect size is given as relative risk for cancer specific survival and overall survival, and odds ratios for other outcomes. CKD, chronic kidney disease. sec., secondary. TA, thermal ablation.