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. 2016 Sep;117(3):135-41.
doi: 10.1038/hdy.2016.32. Epub 2016 May 11.

Geographic differentiation of domesticated einkorn wheat and possible Neolithic migration routes

A Brandolini  1 , A Volante  1 , M Heun  2
Affiliations

Geographic differentiation of domesticated einkorn wheat and possible Neolithic migration routes

A Brandolini et al. Heredity (Edinb). 2016 Sep.

Abstract

To analyse the spread of domesticated einkorn into Europe, 136 landraces, 9 wild einkorns and 3 Triticum urartu were fingerprinted by the diversity array technology sequence (DArT-seq) marker technology. The obtained 3455 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers confirmed earlier results about the separation of wild and domesticated einkorn from T. urartu and about the pinpointing of the domesticated forms to the Karacadağ Mountains (Turkey). Further analyses identified two major domesticated landrace einkorn groups, one relating to the Prealpine region and the other to the Maghreb/Iberian region. The previously published four geographical provenance groups were mostly identified in our results. The earlier reported unique position of the Maghreb/Iberia einkorns cannot be confirmed, as the three landrace clusters we identified with STRUCTURE also occur in the remaining einkorn, although at different frequencies. The results are discussed with respect to the spreading of domesticated einkorn into Western Europe and two possible Neolithic migration routes are indicated.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Neighbour joining of 136 T. monococcum, 8 T. boeoticum and 3 T. urartu fingerprinted by 3455 SNP DArT-seq markers. Bootstrap values ⩾70% are reported and common-origin accessions clustering together are shown by country name.
Figure 2
Figure 2
STRUCTURE analyses with K ranging from 2 to 5 (on the left) and principal coordinates analysis (principal component 1 (PC1) vs PC2 and PC3 vs PC4, on the right) of 136 T. monococcum, 8 T. boeoticum and 3 T. urartu based on 3455 SNP DArT-seq markers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Geographical distribution of population structure in T. monococcum, T. boeoticum and T. urartu accessions based on 3455 SNP DArT-seq markers as revealed by STRUCTURE in a model assuming five clusters (K=5). The pie charts summarise the results of the accessions from each region, with the proportional membership of the alleles to each one of the five clusters. The size of each pie is relative to the number of accessions per country. Two possible Neolithic migration routes are outlined.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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