Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2016 May 8;8(13):573-90.
doi: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573.

Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure

Venerando Rapisarda  1 , Carla Loreto  1 , Michele Malaguarnera  1 , Annalisa Ardiri  1 , Maria Proiti  1 , Giuseppe Rigano  1 , Evelise Frazzetto  1 , Maria Irene Ruggeri  1 , Giulia Malaguarnera  1 , Nicoletta Bertino  1 , Mariano Malaguarnera  1 , Vito Emanuele Catania  1 , Isidoro Di Carlo  1 , Adriana Toro  1 , Emanuele Bertino  1 , Dario Mangano  1 , Gaetano Bertino  1
Affiliations
Review

Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure

Venerando Rapisarda et al. World J Hepatol. .

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The main risk factors for HCC are alcoholism, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and hemophilia. Occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. Often the relationship between occupational risk and HCC is unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the association of infective and non-infective occupational risk exposure and HCC in order to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.

Keywords: Arsenic; Autophagy; Cadmium; Chemical agents; Epigenetic events; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Mitophagy; Occupational exposure.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV: Hepatitis B virus.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Biological agents. Volume 100 B. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2012;100:1–441. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McGlynn KA, Petrick JL, London WT. Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional variability. Clin Liver Dis. 2015;19:223–238. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wallace MC, Preen D, Jeffrey GP, Adams LA. The evolving epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: a global perspective. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9:765–779. - PubMed
    1. Papatheodoridis GV, Chan HL, Hansen BE, Janssen HL, Lam-pertico P. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: assessment and modification with current antiviral therapy. J Hepatol. 2015;62:956–967. - PubMed
    1. Lemon SM, McGivern DR. Is hepatitis C virus carcinogenic? Gastroenterology. 2012;142:1274–1278. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources