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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 May 19;2016(5):CD009356.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009356.pub3.

Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth

Kelly Madden  1 , Philippa Middleton, Allan M Cyna, Mandy Matthewson, Leanne Jones
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth

Kelly Madden et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This review is one in a series of Cochrane reviews investigating pain management for childbirth. These reviews all contribute to an overview of systematic reviews of pain management for women in labour, and share a generic protocol. This review updates an earlier version of the review of the same title.

Objectives: To examine the effectiveness and safety of hypnosis for pain management during labour and childbirth.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 September 2015) and the reference lists of primary studies and review articles.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTS comparing preparation for labour using hypnosis and/or use of hypnosis during labour, with or without concurrent use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological pain relief methods versus placebo, no treatment or any analgesic drug or technique.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. Where possible we contacted study authors seeking additional information about data and methodology.

Main results: We included nine trials randomising a total of 2954 women. The risk of bias in trials was variable, there were several well-designed large trials and some trials where little was reported about trial design. Although eight of the nine trials assessed antenatal hypnotherapy, there were considerable differences between these trials in timing and technique. One trial provided hypnotherapy during labour. In this updated review we compared hypnosis interventions with all control groups (main comparison) and also with specific control conditions: standard care (nine RCTs), supportive counselling (two RCTs) and relaxation training (two RCTs).In the main comparison, women in the hypnosis group were less likely to use pharmacological pain relief or analgesia than those in the control groups, (average risk ratio (RR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.94, eight studies, 2916 women; very low-quality evidence; random-effects model). There were no clear differences between women in the hypnosis group and those in the control groups for most of the other primary outcomes. There were no clear differences for sense of coping with labour (MD 0.22, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.58, one study, 420 women; low-quality evidence) or spontaneous vaginal birth (average RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.32, six studies, 2361 women; low-quality evidence; random-effects model). There were no clear differences for satisfaction with pain relief (measured on a seven-point scale two weeks postnatally) for women in the hypnosis group who also received pethidine (MD 0.41, 95% CI -0.45 to 1.27; one study, 72 women), Entonox (MD 0.19, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.57; one study, 357 women), self-hypnosis (MD 0.28, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.88; one study, 160 women), or epidural (MD -0.03, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.34; one study, 127 women), but a slight benefit in favour of hypnosis was seen for women who received water immersion (MD 0.52, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.00; one study, 174 women (all low-quality evidence). There were no clear differences for satisfaction with pain relief when it was measured as the number of women who reported they had adequate pain relief (risk ratio (RR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 1.20, one study, 264 women; low-quality evidence). It should be noted that for pharmacological pain relief and spontaneous vaginal birth, there was evidence of considerable statistical heterogeneity, which could not be fully explained by subgroup analysis.For this review's secondary outcomes, no clear differences were found between women in the hypnosis group and women in the control groups for most outcomes where data were available. There was mixed evidence regarding benefits for women in the hypnosis group compared with all control groups for pain intensity, satisfaction with childbirth experience and postnatal depression. For each of these outcomes, data from more than one trial were available for analysis but could not be combined due to differences in measurement methods. There was evidence that fewer women in the hypnosis group stayed in hospital for more than two days after the birth but this finding was based on one small study (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.83). No clear differences between women in the hypnosis group and the control groups were found for the other secondary outcomes where data were available.In the comparisons of hypnosis with specific types of control conditions: standard care, supportive counselling and relaxation training, there were no clear differences found between women in the hypnosis group and those in the standard care control groups or the relaxation control groups for the primary outcomes. Compared with the women in the supportive counselling control group, women in the hypnosis group were less likely to use pharmacological analgesia (average RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.73, two studies, 562 women). They were also more likely to have a spontaneous vaginal birth (RR 2.42, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.07), although this finding was based on the results of one small study. Overall these new comparisons displayed much less statistical heterogeneity than the comparison including all control groups.

Authors' conclusions: There are still only a relatively small number of studies assessing the use of hypnosis for labour and childbirth. Hypnosis may reduce the overall use of analgesia during labour, but not epidural use. No clear differences were found between women in the hypnosis group and those in the control groups for satisfaction with pain relief, sense of coping with labour or spontaneous vaginal birth. Not enough evidence currently exists regarding satisfaction with pain relief or sense of coping with labour and we would encourage any future research to prioritise the measurement of these outcomes. The evidence for the main comparison was assessed using GRADE as being of low quality for all the primary outcomes with downgrading decisions due to concerns regarding inconsistency of the evidence, limitations in design and imprecision. Further research is needed in the form of large, well-designed randomised controlled trials to assess whether hypnosis is of value for pain management during labour and childbirth.

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Conflict of interest statement

K Madden used hypnosis during the births of her two children. She is employed as a psychologist with St Helen's Private Hospital and as a Grassroots Community Development Worker with MI Fellowship. Until October 2015 she offered private calmbirth® childbirth education classes in Hobart, these classes included psychological strategies for comfort. She has also received payment for giving professional development talks to midwives and doulas about calmbirth® classes.

Philippa Middleton ‐ none known.

AM Cyna conducted the Hypnosis Antenatal Training for Childbirth (HATCh) randomised controlled trial that is included in this review. None of the study assessors were involved in the HATCh trials but AM Cyna was K Madden's secondary supervisor for honours and was the secondary supervisor for a masters thesis which was based on the original Cochrane review. M Matthewson was the primary supervisor for the masters thesis but had no involvement with the HATCh trial.

Mandy Matthewson is employed by the University of Tasmania and has also received payment Private Practice at Salamanca Psychology, Hobart. She was also the primary supervisor for K Madden's masters thesis which was based on the original Cochrane review.

Leanne Jones is employed by the University of Liverpool as an Associate Editor with Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth. Her employment is supported by the National Institute for Health Research, via Cochrane Infrastructure funding to Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth. She had no involvement with the editorial processes for this review update.

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 2 Satisfaction with pain relief (number of women who reported that they felt they had adequate pain relief).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 3 Satisfaction with pain relief (7‐point scale reported two weeks postnatal).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 4 Coping in labour (7‐point scale).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 5 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 6 Pain intensity (Measured on McGill Pain Questionnaire Present Pain Intensity Scale).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 7 Pain intensity (memory of labour pain reported two weeks postnatal).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 8 Satisfaction with childbirth experience.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 9 Satisfaction with childbirth experience (Mean Wijmas‐Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire score at 6 weeks postpartum).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 10 Breastfeeding at discharge (any).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 11 Assisted vaginal birth.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 12 Caesarean section.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 13 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 14 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 15 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 16 Preterm birth.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 17 Length of labour (minutes).
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 18 Perineal trauma.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 19 Induction of labour.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 20 Augmentation of labour.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 21 Primary postpartum haemorrhage (> 500 mL).
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 22 Cost (as defined by trialists).
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 23 Need for postpartum blood transfusion.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 24 Postnatal depression.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 25 Postnatal depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale).
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 26 Number of maternal days in hospital after birth (> 2 days).
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 27 Other adverse events ‐ newborn resuscitation.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 28 Other adverse events ‐ women readmitted to hospital.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 29 Other adverse events ‐ infants readmitted to hospital.
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 30 Other adverse events ‐ maternal admission to HDU/ICU.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus all, Outcome 31 Other adverse events ‐ stillbirth.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 2 Satisfaction with pain relief.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 3 Satisfaction with pain relief (reported two weeks postnatal).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 4 Coping in labour (7‐point scale).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 5 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 6 Pain intensity (memory of labour pain reported two weeks postnatal).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 7 Satisfaction with childbirth experience.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 8 Satisfaction with childbirth experience (Mean Wijmas‐Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire score at 6 weeks postpartum).
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 9 Breastfeeding at discharge (any).
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 10 Assisted vaginal birth.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 11 Caesarean section.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 12 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 13 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 14 Preterm birth.
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 15 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 16 Length of labour (minutes).
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 17 Perineal trauma.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 18 Induction of labour.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 19 Augmentation of labour.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 20 Primary postpartum haemorrhage (> 500 mL).
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 21 Cost (as defined by trialists).
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 22 Need for postpartum blood transfusion.
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 23 Postnatal depression.
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 24 Postnatal depression.
2.25
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 25 Other adverse events ‐ women readmitted to hospital.
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 26 Other adverse events ‐ infants readmitted to hospital.
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 27 Other adverse events ‐ maternal admission to HDU/ICU.
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus standard care, Outcome 28 Other adverse events ‐ stillbirth.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 3 Assisted vaginal birth.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 5 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 6 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 7 Number of maternal days in hospital after birth (> 2 days).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus supportive counselling/psychotherapy, Outcome 8 Other adverse events ‐ newborn resuscitation.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 3 Pain intensity (Measured on McGill Pain Questionaire Present Pain Intensity Scale).
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 4 Satisfaction with childbirth experience (Mean Wijmas‐Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire score at 6 weeks postpartum).
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 5 Breastfeeding at discharge (any).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 6 Assisted vaginal birth.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 7 Caesarean section.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 8 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 9 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 10 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 11 Preterm birth.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 12 Length of labour (minutes).
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 13 Perineal trauma.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 14 Induction of labour.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 15 Augmentation of labour.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 16 Primary postpartum haemorrhage (> 500 mL).
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4 Self‐hypnosis or hypnotherapy versus relaxation, Outcome 17 Postnatal depression.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 2 Satisfaction with pain relief.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 3 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 4 Satisfaction with childbirth experience.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 5 Breastfeeding at discharge.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 6 Assisted vaginal birth.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 7 Caesarean section.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 8 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 9 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes.
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 10 Use of epidural/neuroaxial block.
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 11 Induction of labour.
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 12 Augmentation of labour.
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 13 Primary postpartum haemorrhage (> 500 mL).
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 14 Need for postpartum blood transfusion.
5.15
5.15. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 15 Postnatal depression.
5.16
5.16. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 16 Adverse effect women readmitted to hospital.
5.17
5.17. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 17 Adverse effect infant readmitted to hospital.
5.18
5.18. Analysis
Comparison 5 Nurse/CD hypnosis versus standard care, Outcome 18 Maternal admission to HDU/ICU.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Nulliparous versus multiparous (subgroup analysis), Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Nulliparous versus multiparous (subgroup analysis), Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 < 4 sessions versus 4 or more sessions (subgroup analysis), Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 < 4 sessions versus 4 or more sessions (subgroup analysis), Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Individual sessions versus group sessions (subgroup analysis), Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Individual sessions versus group sessions (subgroup analysis), Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Hypnosis plus audio CD/tape versus hypnosis no audio CD/tape versus nurse/audio CD only (subgroup analysis), Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Hypnosis plus audio CD/tape versus hypnosis no audio CD/tape versus nurse/audio CD only (subgroup analysis), Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Hypnosis preparation for labour versus hypnosis during labour (subgroup analysis), Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Hypnosis preparation for labour versus hypnosis during labour (subgroup analysis), Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 High hypnotisability versus low hypnotisability (subgroup analysis), Outcome 1 Use of pharmacological pain relief/anaesthesia.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 High hypnotisability versus low hypnotisability (subgroup analysis), Outcome 2 Spontaneous vaginal birth.
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Cyna 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cyna A. Hypnosis antenatal training for childbirth (HATCh): a randomised controlled trial (ongoing trial). ClinicalTrials.gov (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00282204) (accessed January 13, 2011) 2006. - PMC - PubMed
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Downe 2015 {published and unpublished data}
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Fisher 2009 {published data only}
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Freeman 1986 {published data only}
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Harmon 1990 {published data only}
    1. Harmon TAM. Hypnotic Analgesia in Childbirth [PhD thesis]. Milwaukee: The University of Wisconsin‐ Milwaukee, 1982.
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Martin 2001 {published data only}
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Mehl‐Madrona 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Werner A. Antenatal Hypnosis Training ‐ the Effect on Pain Expereince, Duration of Birth and other Birth Outcomes (PhD thesis). Aarhus University, 2013.
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    1. Werner A, Uldbjerg N, Zachariae R, Nohr EA. Effect of self‐hypnosis on duration of labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2013;92(7):816‐23. - PubMed
    1. Werner A, Uldbjerg N, Zachariae R, Rosen G, Nohr E. Self‐hypnosis for coping with labour pain: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120(3):346‐53. - PubMed
    1. Werner A, Uldbjerg N, Zachariae R, Wu CS, Nohr EA. Antenatal hypnosis training and childbirth experience: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 2013;40(4):272‐80. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Guse 2006 {published data only}
    1. Guse T, Wissing M, Hartman W. The effect of a prenatal hypnotherapeutic programme on postnatal maternal psychological well‐being. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 2006;24(2):163‐77.
Hao 1997 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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