Serum Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites and Endometrial Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Background: Although endometrial cancer is clearly influenced by hormonal factors, few epidemiologic studies have investigated the role of endogenous estrogens or especially estrogen metabolites.

Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a cohort of 93,676 postmenopausal women recruited between 1993 and 1998. Using baseline serum samples from women who were non-current hormone users with intact uteri, we measured 15 estrogens/estrogen metabolites via HPLC/MS-MS among 313 incident endometrial cancer cases (271 type I, 42 type II) and 354 matched controls, deriving adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall and subtype-specific endometrial cancer risk.

Results: Parent estrogens (estrone and estradiol) were positively related to endometrial cancer risk, with the highest risk observed for unconjugated estradiol (OR 5th vs. 1st quintile = 6.19; 95% CI, 2.95-13.03, Ptrend = 0.0001). Nearly all metabolites were significantly associated with elevated risks, with some attenuation after adjustment for unconjugated estradiol (residual risks of 2- to 3-fold). Body mass index (kg/m(2), BMI) relations were somewhat reduced after adjustment for estrogen levels. The association with unconjugated estradiol was stronger for type I than type II tumors (Phet = 0.01).

Conclusions: Parent estrogens as well as individual metabolites appeared to exert generalized uterotropic activity, particularly for type I tumors. The effects of obesity on risk were only partially explained by estrogens.

Impact: These findings enhance our understanding of estrogen mechanisms involved in endometrial carcinogenesis but also highlight the need for studying additional markers that may underlie the effects on risk of certain risk factors, for example, obesity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1081-9. ©2016 AACR.

Figure 1

Formation of 2-, 4-, and 16-hydroxylation pathway estrogen metabolites from parent estrogens. The current serum estrogen metabolite assay measures 15 of the 17 metabolites pictured. 4-Hydroxyestradiol and 16β-Hydroxyestrone (in light gray) are not measured with the current assay due to very low abundance in circulation.