Acute heart failure with and without acute coronary syndrome: clinical correlates and prognostic impact (From the HEARTS registry)

Abstract

Background: Little is know about the outcomes of acute heart failure (AHF) with acute coronary syndrome (ACS-AHF), compared to those without ACS (NACS-AHF).

Methods: We conducted a prospective registry of AHF patients involving 18 hospitals in Saudi Arabia between October 2009 and December 2010. In this sub-study, we compared the clinical correlates, management and hospital course, as well as short, and long-term outcomes between AHF patients with and without ACS.

Results: Of the 2609 AHF patients enrolled, 27.8 % presented with ACS. Compared to NACS-AHF patients, ACS-AHF patients were more likely to be old males (Mean age = 62.7 vs. 60.8 years, p = 0.003, and 73.8 % vs. 62.7 %, p < 0.001, respectively), and to present with De-novo heart failure (56.6 % vs. 28.1 %, p < 0.001). Additionally they were more likely to have history of ischemic heart disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and less likely to have chronic kidney disease (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The prevalence of severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF < 30 %) was higher in ACS-AHF patients. During hospital stay, ACS-AHF patients were more likely to develop shock (p < 0.001), recurrent heart failure (p = 0.02) and needed more mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001). β blockers and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors were used more often in ACS-AHF patients (p = 0.001 and, p = 0.004 respectively). ACS- AHF patients underwent more coronary angiography and had higher prevalence of multi-vessel coronary artery disease (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The unadjusted hospital and one-month mortality were higher in ACS-AHF patients (OR = 1.6 (1.2-2.2), p = 0.003 and 1.4 (1.0-1.9), p = 0.026 respectively). A significant interaction existed between the level of left ventricular ejection fraction and ACS-AHF status. After adjustment, ACS-AHF status was only significantly associated with hospital mortality (OR = 1.6 (1.1-2.4), p = 0.019). The three-years survival following hospital discharge was not different between the two groups.

Conclusion: AHF patients presenting with ACS had worse hospital prognosis, and an equivalent long-term survival compared to AHF patients without ACS. These findings underscore the importance of timely recognition and management of AHF patients with concomitant ACS given their distinct presentation and underlying pathophysiology compared to other AHF patients.

Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome complications/mortality/physiopathology; Heart failure complications/mortality/physiopathology; Hospital Mortality; Prospective Studies; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology.

Fig. 1

Interaction between acute coronary syndrome with acute heart failure and hospital mortality in selected patients groups

Fig. 2

Kaplan-Meier survival curves between: a acute heart failure with (solid line) and without acute coronary syndrome (dashed line), b ST elevation myocardial infarction (solid line) and Non ST acute coronary syndrome (dashed line)

Fig. 3

Kaplan-Meier survival curves between: a Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with ejection (EF) <40 % (solid line) and ACS with EF ≥ 40 %, b No ACS <40 % (solid line) and No ACS with EF ≥ 40 %, c ACS with EF <40 % (solid line) and no ACS with EF <40 % (dashed line), d ACS with ≥ 40 % (solid line) and No ACS with EF ≥ 40 % (dashed line)