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. 2016 May 23:6:26565.
doi: 10.1038/srep26565.

Ancient Human Migration after Out-of-Africa

Daniel Shriner  1 , Fasil Tekola-Ayele  1 , Adebowale Adeyemo  1 , Charles N Rotimi  1
Affiliations

Ancient Human Migration after Out-of-Africa

Daniel Shriner et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The serial founder model of modern human origins predicts that the phylogeny of ancestries exhibits bifurcating, tree-like behavior. Here, we tested this prediction using three methods designed to investigate gene flow in autosome-wide genotype data from 3,528 unrelated individuals from 163 global samples. Specifically, we investigated whether Cushitic ancestry has an East African or Middle Eastern origin. We found evidence for non-tree-like behavior in the form of four migration events. First, we found that Cushitic ancestry is a mixture of ancestries closely related to Arabian ancestry and Nilo-Saharan or Omotic ancestry. We found evidence for additional migration events in the histories of: 1) Indian and Arabian ancestries, 2) Kalash ancestry, and 3) Native American and Northern European ancestries. These findings, based on analysis of ancestry of present-day humans, reveal migration in the distant past and provide new insights into human history.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Split decomposition network of ancestries.
The underlying distance matrix is based on pairwise FST.
Figure 2
Figure 2. TreeMix analysis with no migration events.
The most frequently found tree with no migration events.
Figure 3
Figure 3. TreeMix analysis with no migration events.
The second most frequently found tree with no migration events.
Figure 4
Figure 4. TreeMix analysis with one migration event.
The most frequently found tree with one migration event.
Figure 5
Figure 5. TreeMix analysis with one migration event.
The second most frequently found tree with one migration event.
Figure 6
Figure 6. TreeMix analysis with two migration events.
The most frequently found tree with two migration events.
Figure 7
Figure 7. TreeMix analysis with two migration events.
The second most frequently found tree with two migration events.
Figure 8
Figure 8. TreeMix analysis with three migration events.
The most frequently found tree with three migration events.
Figure 9
Figure 9. TreeMix analysis with four migration events.
The most frequently found tree with four migration events.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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