Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation and Exercise Training on Exercise Performance in Middle-Aged Mice

Abstract

Resveratrol (RES) has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiasthmatic, antalgic, and anti-fatigue activities. Exercise training (ET) improves frailty resulting from aging. This study evaluated the effects of a combination of RES supplementation and ET on the exercise performance of aged mice. C57BL/6J mice (16 months old) were randomly divided into four groups: an older control group (OC group), supplementation with RES group (RES group), ET group (ET group), and a combination of ET and RES supplementation group (ET+RES group). Other 10-week-old mice were used as a young control group (Y-Ctrl group). In this study, exercise performance was evaluated using forelimb grip strength and exhaustive swimming time, as well as levels of plasma lactate, ammonia, glucose, and creatine kinase after an acute swimming exercise. Our results showed that the forelimb grip strength of mice in the ET+RES group was significantly higher than those in the OC, RES, and ET groups (by 1.3-, 1.2-, and 1.1-fold, respectively, p < 0.05), and exhibited no difference with the Y-Ctrl group. The endurance swimming test showed that swimming times of the ET and ET+RES groups were significantly longer than those of the OC and RES groups. Moreover, plasma lactate and ammonia levels of the ET + RES group after acute swimming exercise were significantly lower compared to the OC group (p < 0.05). Thus, it was suggested that by combining RES supplementation with ET for 4 weeks, the muscle strength and endurance performance of aged mice were significantly improved compared to the single intervention with either RES or ET alone. This combination might help shorten the extent of deterioration accompanying the aging process.

Keywords: anti-fatigue; exercise performance; resveratrol.

Figure 1

Effect of a 4-week resveratrol (RES) supplementation and exercise training (ET) on (A) forelimb grip strength and (B) endurance swimming performance in mice. Mice were pretreated with the vehicle, RES, ET, and ET+RES for 28 days. Data are the mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 according to a one-way ANOVA. Y-Ctrl, a young control group; OC, an older control; RES, a supplementation with RES group; ET, a ET group; ET+RES, a combination of ET and RES supplementation group.

Figure 2

Effect of 4-week resveratrol (RES) supplementation and exercise training (ET) on serum levels of (A) lactate; (B) ammonia (NH₃); (C) creatine kinase (CK); and (D) glucose after a 15-min swim test. Mice were pretreated with the vehicle, RES, ET, and ET+RES for 28 days. Data are the mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 according to a one-way ANOVA. Y-Ctrl, a young control group; OC, an older control; RES, a supplementation with RES group; ET, a ET group; ET+RES, a combination of ET and RES supplementation group.

Figure 3

Effect of 4-week resveratrol (RES) supplementation and exercise training (ET) on levels of (A) muscular and (B) hepatic glycogen. Mice were pretreated with the vehicle, RES, ET, and ET+RES for 28 days. Data are the mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 according to a one-way ANOVA. Y-Ctrl, a young control group; OC, an older control; RES, a supplementation with RES group; ET, a ET group; ET+RES, a combination of ET and RES supplementation group.

Figure 4

Effect of 4-week resveratrol (RES) supplementation and exercise training (ET) on biochemical assessments at rest, including (A) glucose; (B) triglyceride (TG); (C) total protein (TP); (D) alkaline phosphatase (ALP); (E) blood urea nitrogen (BUN); and (F) creatinine (CREA) levels in serum. Mice were pretreated with the vehicle, RES, ET, and ET+RES for 28 days. Data are the mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 according to a one-way ANOVA. Y-Ctrl, a young control group; OC, an older control; RES, a supplementation with RES group; ET, a ET group; ET+RES, a combination of ET and RES supplementation group.

Figure 5

Effect of 4-week resveratrol (RES) supplementation and exercise training (ET) on histopathological evaluation of tissues, including (A) liver; (B) muscle; (C) heart; (D) kidney, and (E) lung. Mice were pretreated with the vehicle, RES, ET, and ET+RES for 28 days. Specimens were photographed with a light microscope (Olympus BX51). (Magnification: ×200, Scale bar, 40 μm). Y-Ctrl, a young control group; OC, an older control; RES, a supplementation with RES group; ET, a ET group; ET+RES, a combination of ET and RES supplementation group.