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. 2016 May 24;15(1):60.
doi: 10.1186/s12940-016-0141-0.

PBDE flame retardants, thyroid disease, and menopausal status in U.S. women

Joseph G Allen  1 , Sara Gale  2 , R Thomas Zoeller  3 , John D Spengler  2 , Linda Birnbaum  4 , Eileen McNeely  2
Affiliations

PBDE flame retardants, thyroid disease, and menopausal status in U.S. women

Joseph G Allen et al. Environ Health. .

Abstract

Background: Women have elevated rates of thyroid disease compared to men. Environmental toxicants have been implicated as contributors to this dimorphism, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals that disrupt thyroid hormone action. PBDEs have also been implicated in the disruption of estrogenic activity, and estrogen levels regulate thyroid hormones. Post-menopausal women may therefore be particularly vulnerable to PBDE induced thyroid effects, given low estrogen reserves. The objective of this study was to test for an association between serum PBDE concentrations and thyroid disease in women from the United States (U.S.), stratified by menopause status.

Methods: Serum PBDE concentrations (BDEs 47, 99, 100 and 153) from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) and reports on thyroid problems were available in the NHANES 2003-2004 cycle. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models accounting for population-weighted survey techniques and controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), education, smoking, alcohol consumption and thyroid medication. Menopause status was obtained by self-reported absence of menstruation in the previous 12 months and declared menopause.

Results: Women in the highest quartile of serum concentrations for BDEs 47, 99, and 100 had increased odds of currently having thyroid disease (ORs: 1.5, 1.8, 1.5, respectively) compared to the reference group (1st and 2nd quartiles combined); stronger associations were observed when the analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (ORs: 2.2, 3.6, 2.0, respectively).

Conclusion: Exposure to BDEs 47, 99, and 100 is associated with thyroid disease in a national sample of U.S. women, with greater effects observed post-menopause, suggesting that the disruption of thyroid signaling by PBDEs may be enhanced by the altered estrogen levels during menopause.

Keywords: Endocrine disruptors; Menopause; PBDE; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Thyroid.

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References

    1. State of California . Technical Bulletin 117: Requirements, Test Procedure, and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture. North Highlands: Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation; 2000.
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    1. Allen JG, McClean MD, Stapleton HM, Nelson JW, Webster TF. Personal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential indoor air. Environ Sci Technol. 2007;41:4574–4579. doi: 10.1021/es0703170. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Allen JG, McClean MD, Stapleton HM, Webster TF. Critical factors in assessing exposure to pbdes via house dust. Environ Int. 2008;34:1085–1091. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.03.006. - DOI - PubMed

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