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. 2016 Jun 20;29(6):1051-63.
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00096. Epub 2016 Jun 10.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields

Kimberly A Agnew-Heard  1 , Vicki A Lancaster  1 , Roberto Bravo  2 , Clifford Watson  2 , Matthew J Walters  1 , Matthew R Holman  1
Affiliations

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields

Kimberly A Agnew-Heard et al. Chem Res Toxicol. .

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore how differences in cigarette physical design parameters influence tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields in mainstream smoke (MSS) using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking regimen. Standardized smoking methods were used to evaluate 50 U.S. domestic brand cigarettes and a reference cigarette representing a range of TNCO yields in MSS collected from linear smoking machines using a nonintense smoking regimen. Multivariate statistical methods were used to form clusters of cigarettes based on their ISO TNCO yields and then to explore the relationship between the ISO generated TNCO yields and the nine cigarette physical design parameters between and within each cluster simultaneously. The ISO generated TNCO yields in MSS are 1.1-17.0 mg tar/cigarette, 0.1-2.2 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 1.6-17.3 mg CO/cigarette. Cluster analysis divided the 51 cigarettes into five discrete clusters based on their ISO TNCO yields. No one physical parameter dominated across all clusters. Predicting ISO machine generated TNCO yields based on these nine physical design parameters is complex due to the correlation among and between the nine physical design parameters and TNCO yields. From these analyses, it is estimated that approximately 20% of the variability in the ISO generated TNCO yields comes from other parameters (e.g., filter material, filter type, inclusion of expanded or reconstituted tobacco, and tobacco blend composition, along with differences in tobacco leaf origin and stalk positions and added ingredients). A future article will examine the influence of these physical design parameters on TNCO yields under a Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimen. Together, these papers will provide a more robust picture of the design features that contribute to TNCO exposure across the range of real world smoking patterns.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram for statistical analysis of the physical design parameters and ISO generated TNCO yields of 51 cigarettes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
K-means cluster (group) identification using ISO generated TNCO yields: Group 1, 13.26–16.06 mg/cigarette tar (gray); Group 2, 4.67–8.72 mg/cigarette tar (orange); Group 3, 17.02 mg/cigarette tar (light blue); Group 4, 1.12–3.93 mg/cigarette tar (dark blue); and Group 5, 8.00–11.32 mg/cigarette tar (pink).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Probability of cluster (group) membership of each cigarette determined by ISO generated TNCO yields, where the length of the bar depicts the probability of membership in Group 1 (gray), Group 2 (orange), Group 3 (light blue), Group 4 (dark blue), and Group 5 (pink).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Loadings from the first and second components in Table 4 for Groups 1, 2, and 5 for ISO generated TNCO (identified with open circles) and physical design parameters. The proximity of the loadings in the two-dimensional space illustrates the association (the closer the loadings the more positively associated) between ISO generated TNCO and physical design parameters.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cigarette scores for the first and second components by (a) Group 1, (b) Group 2, and (c) Group 5, along with loadings for the first and second components for the physical design parameters. The proximity in the two-dimensional space illustrates the association (the closer the more positively associated) to the physical design parameters.
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References

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