Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the thoracic aorta

Abstract

Penetrating ulcer of the thoracic aorta is defined as an atherosclerotic lesion of the descending thoracic aorta with ulceration that penetrates the internal elastic lamina, allowing hematoma formation in the media. There is controversy whether this lesion differs from classic acute type III aortic dissection, based on its location, radiographic findings, natural history, and recommended therapeutic approach. Of 47 patients with a diagnosis of aortic dissection seen at our hospital during a 2-year period, five patients had clinical and radiographic findings of penetrating ulcer. Each of the five patients had characteristic computerized tomographic (CT) findings and two patients had angiographic confirmation. In all patients CT showed subintimal hemorrhage, aortic wall enhancement, absence of a double lumen, and contrast extravasation through the ulceration. In both patients who underwent angiography, ulceration, subintimal hematoma, and absence of a false lumen were demonstrated. The clinical presentation in four patients simulated acute aortic dissection or expanding thoracic aneurysm. The other patient, who was normotensive, did not have symptoms referable to the thoracic aorta but was studied because of an abnormal chest x-ray film. None of these five patients required surgical intervention. All five patients were alive and free of symptoms at 6 months, 8 months, 14 months (two patients), and 30 months after the original diagnosis. Follow-up CT scans in four patients showed resolution of subintimal hematoma and some dilatation of the lumen but no progression to rupture or aneurysm. Other authors stress the importance of differentiating symptomatic penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers from acute type III aortic dissection because of the higher incidence of rupture of penetrating ulcers and therefore recommend early surgical intervention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)