The mental-attention Tai Chi effect with older adults

Abstract

Background: Tai Chi practice has some fitness, wellness, and general cognitive effects in older adults. However, benefits of Tai Chi on specific mental-attentional executive processes have not been investigated previously. We studied older Canadian adults of Chinese and non-Chinese origin and from low socioeconomic areas.

Methods: Sixty-four adults (51-87 years old) took part in a 16-week Tai Chi program. There were two groups: Chinese-background (n = 35) and Non-Chinese-background (n = 29). They received four mental-attention executive tasks before and after the 16-week period. These tasks measured visuospatial reasoning, mental-attentional activation (working memory), attentional inhibition, and balance between these attention factors (field-dependence-independence).

Results: Chinese participants showed significant gain on Figural Intersections Task (mental-attentional capacity), Antisaccade (attentional inhibition), and Matrix Reasoning (fluid intelligence measure). Both groups evidenced gain on the Water Level Task (attentional balance).

Conclusions: These gains suggest that Tai Chi can improve mental-attentional vigilance and executive control, when practitioners are sufficiently motivated to pursue this practice, and apply themselves (as our Chinese participants seem to have done). We found that Tai Chi enhanced mental attentional executives in the Chinese sample. The largely negative results with Non-Chinese participants might be explained by less strong motivation and by the relatively short Tai Chi practice period, which contrasts with the prior familiarity with Tai Chi of the Chinese participants.

Keywords: Attentional balance; Attentional inhibition; Field-dependence-independence; Mental-attention; Tai Chi; Working memory.

Fig. 1

Sample class 5 item from figural intersections task (FIT)

Fig. 2

Sample item from antisaccade

Fig. 3

Average weekly Tai Chi attendance for Chinese and Non-Chinese samples

Fig. 4

Bivariate plot of pretest vs. Posttest scores on Antisaccade and Figural Intersections Task for Chinese sample

Fig. 5

Bivariate plot of pretest vs. Posttest scores on Antisaccade and Figural Intersections Task for Non-Chinese sample

Fig. 6

Bivariate plot of pretest vs. Posttest scores on Matrix Reasoning and Water Level Task for Chinese sample

Fig. 7

Bivariate plot of Matrix Reasoning and Water Level Task for Non-Chinese sample

Fig. 8

Bivariate plot of pretest vs. Posttest scores on Antisaccade and Figural Intersections Task for Middle-aged vs. Older-aged Chinese participants