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Review
. 2016 Jun 1:5:11.
doi: 10.1186/s40035-016-0058-0. eCollection 2016.

Meta-analysis of risk factors for Parkinson's disease dementia

Yaqian Xu  1 , Jing Yang  1 , Huifang Shang  1
Affiliations
Review

Meta-analysis of risk factors for Parkinson's disease dementia

Yaqian Xu et al. Transl Neurodegener. .

Abstract

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder in elder population. Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is one of the most common non-motor manifestations in PD patients. No comprehensive review has been conducted to assess risk factors for PDD.

Methods: A systemic search for studies on PDD risk factors was performed. Cohort and case-control studies that clearly defined PDD and presented relevant data were included. The data were analyzed to generate a pooled effect size and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Publication bias was assessed using the Egger's test and the Begg's test.

Results: A systematic search was conducted and yielded 5195 articles. After screening, 25 studies were included in the current analysis. Development of PDD was positively associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95 % CI 1.03-1.13), male (OR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.08-1.64), higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III scores (relative risk [RR] 1.04, 95 % CI 1.01-1.07), hallucination (OR 2.47, 95 % CI 1.36-4.47), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (OR 8.38, 95 % CI 3.87-18.08), smoking (ever vs. never) (RR 1.93, 95 % CI 1.15-3.26) and hypertension (OR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.11-2.22). An inverse association was found between education (RR 0.94, 95 % CI 0.91-0.98) and PDD. Other reported factors, including age of onset, disease duration of PD, Hoehn and Yahr stage and diabetes mellitus were not significantly associated with PDD.

Conclusions: Advanced age, male, higher UPDRS III scores, hallucination, RBD, smoking and hypertension increase the risk of PDD, whereas higher education is a protective factor for PDD.

Keywords: Dementia; Parkinson’s disease; Predictors; Risk factors.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of study selection; PDD = Parkinson Disease Dementia
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Factors that show significant positive association with PDD; RBD = REM sleep behavior disorder; CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk; OR = odds ratio
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Factor that shows significant negative association with PDD and factors that show no significant association with PDD; CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk; OR = odds ratio
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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